Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evolution - Essay Example The Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics put forward by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1809 states that modifications acquired during one’s lifetime are inherited by the next generation. â€Å"Ex. giraffes acquired a long neck slowly over time as each generation of giraffe stretched its neck slightly longer in trying to reach leaves high in trees† (Principles of Evolution, n. d). Lamarck’s theory seems to be in agreement with the Darwinian Theory which states that evolution produces life forms adapted to their environments. However, Lamarck argued that the organism itself can control the direction of change whereas Darwin did not agree with that postulate. â€Å"For a long time it was mistakenly thought that evolution was a simple linear progression, with humankind at the top of the ladder. We now understand that evolution proceeds with species on one branch giving rise to other branches and so on† (What is evolution?, n. d). We have lot of animals in this world which like the leaves in big trees. For example, elephants, cattle etc like the leaves of some big trees. However, these animals do not have such a big neck like the giraffes. These animals also should have tried a lot in the past to reach out the higher branches of the trees. But they never got their neck extended just like giraffes.

Caso Scott and Sons Company Essay Example for Free

Caso Scott and Sons Company Essay O. M. Scott and Sons Company is a business in the lawn care and garden product industry. Currently, the company is reviewing the results of 1961 and preparing plans for the 1962 selling season. Sales were increasing and so is net income except for the year 1960 to 1961. he company is facing a good economy as evidenced by the increase in sales. Industry is investing in research and development of products. Competitors are slowly entering the market. O. M. Scott and Sons Company is a business in the lawn care and garden product industry. Currently, the company is reviewing the results of 1961 and preparing plans for the 1962 selling season. Sales were increasing and so is net income except for the year 1960 to 1961. Presently, the company is using a combination of traditional seasonal dating plan and trust receipt plan to encourage and enable as many dealers as possible to be well stocked in advance of seasonal sales peaks. Also, this combination was used to retain security interest in merchandise shipped. Documents the organizational changes that took place at O. M. Scott Sons Co. in response to their leveraged buyout. Provides the opportunity for students to discuss the effects of high leverage on management decision making, and the differences between operating as a small subsidiary of a large conglomerate and as a free-standing company. Focuses on the role of the LBO sponsor in the management of the company, the role of restrictive debt covenants, and the effect of changes in the compensation system at the company. See more at: http://www. iesep. com/es/o-m-scott-sons-co-leveraged-buyout-13961. html#sthash. U5XhTQSy. dpuf Presently, the company is using a combination of traditional seasonal dating plan and trust receipt plan to encourage and enable as many dealers as possible to be well stocked in advance of seasonal sales peaks. Also, this combination was used to retain security interest in merchandise shipped. Documents the organizational changes that took place at O. M. Scott Sons Co. in response to their leveraged buyout. Provides the opportunity for students to discuss the effects of high leverage on management decision making, and the differences between operating as a small subsidiary of a large conglomerate and as a free-standing company. Focuses on the role of the LBO sponsor in the management of the company, the role of restrictive debt covenants, and the effect of changes in the compensation system at the company. See more at: http://www. iesep. com/es/o-m-scott-sons-co-leveraged-buyout-13961. html#sthash. U5XhTQSy. dpuf he company is facing a good economy as evidenced by the increase in sales. Industry is investing in research and development of products. Competitors are slowly entering the market. O. M. Scott and Sons Company is a business in the lawn care and garden product industry. Currently, the company is reviewing the results of 1961 and preparing plans for the 1962 selling season. Sales were increasing and so is net income except for the year 1960 to 1961. Presently, the company is using a combination of traditional seasonal dating plan and trust receipt plan to encourage and enable as many dealers as possible to be well stocked in advance of seasonal sales peaks. Also, this combination was used to retain security interest in merchandise shipped. Documents the organizational changes that took place at O. M. Scott Sons Co. in response to their leveraged buyout. Provides the opportunity for students to discuss the effects of high leverage on management decision making, and the differences between operating as a small subsidiary of a large conglomerate and as a free-standing company. Focuses on the role of the LBO sponsor in the management of the company, the role of restrictive debt covenants, and the effect of changes in the compensation system at the company. See more at: http://www. iesep. com/es/o-m-scott-sons-co-leveraged-buyout-13961. html#sthash. U5XhTQSy. dpuf he company is facing a good economy as evidenced by the increase in sales. Industry is investing in research and development of products. Competitors are slowly entering the market. O. M. Scott and Sons Company is a business in the lawn care and garden product industry. Currently, the company is reviewing the results of 1961 and preparing plans for the 1962 selling season. Sales were increasing and so is net income except for the year 1960 to 1961. Presently, the company is using a combination of traditional seasonal dating plan and trust receipt plan to encourage and enable as many dealers as possible to be well stocked in advance of seasonal sales peaks. Also, this combination was used to retain security interest in merchandise shipped. Documents the organizational changes that took place at O. M. Scott Sons Co. in response to their leveraged buyout. Provides the opportunity for students to discuss the effects of high leverage on management decision making, and the differences between operating as a small subsidiary of a large conglomerate and as a free-standing company. Focuses on the role of the LBO sponsor in the management of the company, the role of restrictive debt covenants, and the effect of changes in the compensation system at the company. See more at: http://www. iesep. com/es/o-m-scott-sons-co-leveraged-buyout-13961. html#sthash. U5XhTQSy. dpuf

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Association with in Uterine Exposure and Asthma :: Medical, Health, Medicine

Scientists have studied the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in regards to many health defects in humans, one of them being asthma. Asthma is a chronic condition regarding the respiratory system. Muscles in the respiratory system, specifically the lungs and the trachea, tighten causing a narrowing of the passageways in which air flows through. The constrictions of the respiratory organs can cause many symptoms that include strained breathing and tension of the chest (Friis, 2012). In the United States alone, asthma is considered to be the most common long-term disease that affects particularly and most frequently children (Al-Daghri et al. 2013). According to Kyung Jung, asthma in children has multiplied since 1980, when it was a low 3.6 percent to a now high 9.6 percent (Jung et al. 2013). The causative agents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are precarious material created from the partial burning of petroleum-based chemicals that have been known to be one of the collaborators for asthma (Friis 2012). Additionally, PAHs can be made by the incomplete burning of organic compounds, such as wood, coal, and especially tobacco (Al-Daghri et al. 2013). There have been studies conducted to demonstrate the affects and higher prevalence of asthma in children who are exposed to PAHs in an in utero state. Children exposed in the womb, along with asthma and the known causative agent, PAHs, will be the principle course of study. Four studies have been conducted to analyze the serious effects of PAHs. The research consists of work performed by Sophie Chu, Nasser Al-Daghri, Dr. Mathew Perzanowski, and Wan-yee Tang and each of their colleagues; all of which directed their own studies and research in regards to pollution exposed to children and asthma. For instance, Nasser Al-Daghri directed research on children in Saudi Arabia and found that nearly 3 million children experience the hardships of asthma (2013). For this reason and many others, PAHs and its ef fects in growing fetuses have been investigated worldwide. There is evidence from the findings of the previously mentioned researchers that in uterine exposure to PAHs are associated with childhood asthma. Sophie Chu and her colleagues postulated that exposures to PAH before birth and after birth would cause an intensification of airway hyperreactivity, thus showing signs of asthma. Chu collected mice for her research and acquired a mixture containing the same quantity of PAHs a pregnant woman would regularly consume. She also acquired a vaporized control solution made of almost entirely of decontaminated water (99.

Company †BlackBerry mobiles Essay

BCG matrix is a portfolio planning model, which is used to determine position of the product in the product portfolio of the company. Under this model, company divides its business units into four categories on the basis of combinations of market growth and market share comparative to the leading opponent. This model helps the management to analyze the future growth of different business units. We can take the example of BlackBerry mobiles. It is the Canadian telecommunication and wireless equipment company best known to the general public as the developer of the BlackBerry brand of smart phones and tablets. At one point of time, BlackBerry mobiles were considered as best mobiles in the market. They use to give direct competition to the Nokia and apple mobile phones. In 2011, the market share of the BlackBerry mobiles was 14.3%. But, over the last few years, company market share has declined to 0.6%. In BCG Matrix, we can place the BlackBerry mobiles into question mark category. We have placed the BlackBerry mobiles into question mark category because the market of mobile is increasing with the rate of around 40% but the market share of the BlackBerry mobiles is deceasing every year. Apart from BlackBerry, all other major mobile phone companies such as Samsung, Apple, Huawei, and Lenovo are growing with good pace. Actually, unlike other companies, BlackBerry did not focused on innovation. It was the last major mobile manufacturing company, which introduced the smart phone. They do not able to match the expectations and needs of the people, due to which company lost its market share into the hands of other mobile manufacturing companies. References http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/matrix/bcg/ http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2665715 http://bgr.com/2014/02/12/blackberry-market-share-q4-2013/ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-28/blackberry-market-share-to-fall-to-0-3-in-2018-idc-says.html

Can you read my mind Essay

How do you know what you know? Can you figure out how you acquire language when you were still a child? How do you concentrate on reading this paper despite all the stimuli surrounding you? What do you think goes on your mind right now? These are just a few of the questions that cognitive psychology can answer with accuracy. Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with how people think, perceive, remember and learn (â€Å"How people learn,† 2007). In the past, behavioral scientists explained certain phenomena by simply observing, then measuring and manipulating variables (â€Å"Albert Bandura,† 2006). Contrary to behaviorism, cognitive psychology explains the mental processes that take place when a person reacts mentally to various stimuli. These mental processes vary from person to person because each has his own schema of events. Schema, which is a term first used by Jean Piaget in 1926, refers to the set of well-defined concepts which a person already has in mind. These concepts may be â€Å"processed† through assimilation (â€Å"John Piaget,† 2006). For instance, a young child who is exposed only to `fork and spoon’ when eating will not recognize chopsticks as tools for eating as well. If you hand that child a pair of chopsticks, he or she won’t use it in picking up food to put on his or her mouth. It’s because that child doesn’t have a concept of chopsticks yet. However, after being exposed to his or her mom using chopsticks, the child will learn that those items can also be used in picking up food to bring to the mouth. That kind of learning is called assimilation which gives way to a new set of schema for the child. Cognitive development among children is just one aspect of cognitive psychology. This branch of learning may also be applied in more recent concerns. For example, teachers and learners are interested in finding out how people process two or more information at the same time. Interestingly, Piolat, Olive, & Kellogg (2005) conducted a study to know how multi-tasked people record notes while they try to comprehend new information from speakers. They found out through their research that â€Å"note taking demands more effort than reading or learning. However, â€Å"it requires less effort than the creative written composition of an original text† (p. 291). A working knowledge on how people think, perceive and learn is important in making predictions, making adjustments, and formulating policies that could aid the people in their day-to-day mental discourses. In one article, Jaroff (1993) told a story of a girl whose life became troubled after meeting with a psychiatrist who made her believe through â€Å"recovery† therapy that she was abused by her own father when she was a young child. Using her knowledge on cognitive psychology, particularly pertaining to how people retrieve memory, she discovered that what she ended up confessing to the psychiatrist was false (â€Å"Lies of the Mind†). This means that an understanding of this branch of knowledge allows people to be more conscious of how they deal with the world. Cognitive psychology is more than just a branch of knowledge. It is a portal leading to your most used but most strange place in this world – that is your mind. You think every day, you learn new things every minute but you forget to understand how all these thoughts are accommodated in your brains, in your minds. In conclusion, cognitive psychology offers explanation to the mental events that take place in a person. These mental activities can explain the past, and the present, to give way to a better future. After all your life depends not exactly on your environment but on how thoughts are processed in your head.

Thereapeutic Ways To Move a Child †Health Paper

Thereapeutic Ways To Move a Child – Health Paper Free Online Research Papers Thereapeutic Ways To Move a Child Health Paper Handling techniques refer to therapeutic ways of moving children from one position or place to another during regular activities throughout the day. When used correctly and consistently, proper handling techniques can reinforce the goals of direct treatment and help the child learn new movement patterns. Together with the family and caregivers, the PT/OT will make specific recommendations for each child. The goal of handling is to give the child the most opportunities throughout their day to move with normal tone and with as normal patterns of stability and mobility as possible. It is important to remember that the child must actively participate in an experience in order to learn effectively from it. This means that the child must experience what it is like to actively produce a normal or normalized movement pattern. Then, through repetition of these patterns during active movement, the child will internalize them and be able to use these patterns independently. The more opportunities the child has to experience â€Å"normal†, the more likely it will be that the child will learn to repeat them independently or with less facilitation. This requires instructing family, teachers and caregivers. Components of Treatment: Preparation: Preparation techniques prepare the body for movement. Before movement is possible, the body must have a stable base of support. *Stability is necessary for mobility.* The focus during the preparation phase of treatment is on normalizing tone and providing the child with a stable base of support from which movement will be possible. Normalizing tone: For children whose tone is usually high, slow, rhythmic movements may help to reduce tone. Joint approximation and traction and slow, shaking movements away from the joint are also techniques that may help reduce tone. Weight shifting using patterns of dissociation may also help to reduce tone, as may weight bearing. Environmental and sensory influences may also affect tone. Music with a 60-beat-per-minute tempo (many baroque classical pieces) have been found to have a calming, centering effect that can help to normalize high muscle tone and increase the effectiveness of a treatment session. Brisk movements such as quick bouncing or tapping can help to increase tone in children who are generally hypotonic. Resistance, as in activities that require a child to push or pull a heavy object, can also help increase tone. Vestibular stimulation can help increase tone in the child whose tone is usually low. As with hypertonic children, other environmental and sensory influences may also have an effect. Folk music with a brisk, clear, rhythmic beat has also been found to increase muscle tone and facilitate therapeutic activities. Deep/light pressure: Your fingertip control can represent more or less difficulty for the child. Deep pressure through the whole hand is more reassuring for the child as he has the sensation of another in control and supporting their movements. But controlled movement must be initiated by the child, so it is necessary to slowly release the pressure of your hands until the pressure is so light it is only being applied through your fingertips. The progression from deep to light will depend solely on the response of the child. Hopefully the child will show less tension through decreased compensations in movements as you decrease your control and then show an enjoyment in taking over the movements themselves. Placement: Proximal to distal is another important method of using your hands on the child to assist normalizing tone and allowing the child to take more control of their own movements. The more proximal your hand placement is, the more support and control you offer the child. The most supportive hand placement is on the trunk, which then moves to support the shoulder and hips, before supporting the distal joints of elbows or hands, knees or ankles. For example, holding the child’s hips to facilitate walking gives the therapist more control than holding the child’s hands. Likewise, supporting the child high up on the trunk gives the therapist more control than holding the child lower down on the body. Supporting a child at the waist positioned in sitting on a therapy ball gives the therapist more control over the movement than supporting the child at the hips. The hips and shoulders are often key points of control in facilitating more normalized movement patterns . In rolling, the therapist will facilitate the movement from the child’s hip (and shoulder if necessary) rather than from the knee or waist. As the child gains better control over a movement pattern, the therapist may facilitate from a position of less control or may reduce the amount of facilitation in other ways. Facilitation/inhibition: Facilitation involves helping the child produce a response. Inhibition involves helping the child not produce a response. These two are used together and complement each other in treatment. Facilitating Movement: A stable base of support is necessary for movement. The person must be well balanced in the position. The base should be wide enough to provide stability but not so wide as to inhibit free movements. Once the base of support is established, a person must shift weight before movement is possible. For example, a baby lying on its stomach must shift its weight to the left side, and especially onto the left forearm, in order to reach for a toy with its right hand. A child must shift all its weight onto the right foot to take a step with the left foot. During treatment, the therapist can often facilitate new movement patterns by helping the child shift weight appropriately. This requires hands on guidance but not force. The therapist’s hands very gently guide the child’s body rather than pushing or pulling. The therapist does as little as possible, letting the child experience as much control over the movement as possible. Inhibiting Movement: Inhibition techniques involve the use of positions and movements that help to prevent certain responses or movements. These are used in combination with facilitation techniques when facilitation techniques alone are not effective. For example, the ATNR is triggered when a child turns its head to one side. Keeping the head in midline inhibits the ATNR. Keeping the neck flexed inhibits the total extensor pattern seen in children with very high tone. Positioning: Positioning involves providing the child with external postural supports to help compensate for the child’s internal lack of postural stability. This may involve the use of adaptive equipment however, in many situations with young children, an adult’s body is used in place of adaptive equipment to provide additional support. Positioning is static rather than dynamic. Although in itself not an active form of treatment, positioning can greatly influence the child’s ability to perform in every developmental area. Some important things to remember in regards to positioning: 1. The human body is designed for movement. A child cannot remain in any given position for long periods of time without becoming uncomfortable. The therapeutic benefits of a position begin to decrease as soon as the child begins to struggle to move into a different position, often using compensatory postures to change its position. Ideally, a child should remain inone position for no more than 20 minutes before shifting to a different position or movement activity. 2. Positions selected need to be age appropriate. Young children often play while sitting or even lying on the floor, whereas older children do so much less often. Also, the position should enable the child to participate in activities with the rest of his/her class. A child might fit well in a group activity at the water table when placed in a stander but would not be able to interact as well in the stander during a circle activity when the other children were seated on the floor. 3. Positions need to be selected for function. For example, you might want a child to work on improving head control in sitting. Supportive seating adapted to allow for head movement while providing good trunk support might give the child an opportunity to work on head control during story time, when the child is expected primarily to sit and listen. During mealtime, working on head control and independent finger feeding might be too demanding for the child, and seating that provides additional head support might be needed. Standing might be an appropriate position for play at the sand table but not during mealtime, when it is generally considered inappropriate for people to stand and the position is too demanding to allow the child to fully concentrate on mealtime activities. 4. Young children can tire very easily and children with heart problems, respiratory problems or other health conditions may tire more quickly still. When children are placed in positions that are new to them and then asked to use movement patterns that are also new, they use a lot more effort than with familiar positions and patterns. Staff and parents must always be alert to signal from the child that the position is too demanding or that the child has simply had enough for the time being. Research Papers on Thereapeutic Ways To Move a Child - Health PaperThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyStandardized TestingComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHip-Hop is ArtGenetic EngineeringAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Black Holes essays

Black Holes essays The universe as we know it is an amazing thing. There is so much we have learned, but there is even more that we have yet to understand. One of the great mysteries of the universe is the black hole. While most people are not really sure of what they are, some think that they are a magical gateway into another galaxy or another part of our universe. The mystery surrounding the black hole is what made me interested in them. The first scientists to study black holes and the collapsing of stars were Robert Oppenhimer and his student Hartland Snyder, early in the nineteen hundreds. They came up with the name black hole because of the fact that not even light could escape their gravitational pull. The second part, hole, is due to the actual hole where everything is absorbed and where the center core is found. Since all black holes are created from the collapse of a star, one must know a little bit about how a star is formed. A star is created when huge gas clouds come together. Then they join and form a hot core that is made from all the energy within the two gas clouds. This energy is so great that when they first collide, a nuclear reaction takes place and the gases inside the star begin to burn continuously. The star maintains its shape because of an equilibrium that is accomplished by the gravitational pull from the core of the star being equal to the gravitational pull of the gases. This goes on for millions of years until the fuel of the star runs out. When this happens the outward force is not as strong as the inward gravitational force, causing the star to cave in on itself. Depending on the original mass and ending mass of the star there are several things that can happen, one of them being the formation of a black hole. It is believed that when the core of a star is so massive, the collapse of that star would cause something of an even greater mass. The mass of this new object that is creat...

How to Find Scholarships for College Expert Guide

How to Find Scholarships for College Expert Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Paying for college is already stressful and a bit overwhelming - applying for scholarships shouldn’t be too. To help you navigate the process of finding (and applying for) this helpful type of financial aid, we’ve put together this strategy guide with everything you need to know about how to findscholarships that are right for you. You’ll learn about searching for awards in the right places (perhaps the most difficult part of the whole process), selecting the right scholarships, and putting together high-quality applications. Let’s get started! Before the Applications: Optimizing Your Chances of Winning a Scholarship There are, of course, many niche awards that go to students with very specific skills, interests, and accomplishments (we’ll get to that in a bit). If you want to increase your chances of winning significant scholarship money, however, you have to step back and look at the big-picture perspective: how can you make yourself appealing to the greatest number of scholarship programs? Here are the most common things that scholarship programs look for: Academic Excellence You can demonstrate academic excellence with ACT or SAT scores, high GPA, and high class rank. Leadership Skills Show you have leadership potential with important positions (or just consistent, engaged participation) in student groups, sports, other extracurriculars, or student jobs. Read more about participating in student groups and getting a student job. Commitment to Community Service Demonstrate that you're invested in your community with consistent, personally meaningful volunteer work. Learn more about the benefits of community service. Read about different community service projects and ideas. Strong Relationships With Educators and Mentors This is a bit harder to define. Most scholarship programs evaluate relationships through letters of recommendation or even short phone conversations. Learn more about what makes for a good letter of rec, and check out examples of awesome letters. Clear Personal Goals Scholarship organizations often look for students with goals and values that are congruent with those of the organization itself. You can demonstrate that you have clear, well-developed goals (even if you don't!) through your application essays or in-person interviews, if applicable. Learn more about writing application essays and coming across well in interviews. The good news is that your scholarship strategy can be easily integrated into your greater college application goals - the things you can do to make yourself appealing to scholarships are the same things you can do to make yourself appealing to colleges. To be most successful in making yourself appealing to scholarship programs, you have to take a long-term approach - it’s best if you start working on the above goals freshman year (or even earlier), but it’s also never too late to start. Where to Look for Scholarships When you’re just starting your scholarship research, the sheer number of awards available can be kind of overwhelming. Here are five suggestions for how to find scholarships. PrepScholar Guides This one’s easy - we’ve already done the legwork for you by compiling lists of different types of scholarships: Top Scholarship Lists Top Scholarships for Sophomores and Freshmen Top Scholarships for Juniors Top Scholarships for Seniors SpecialtyScholarship Lists Minority Scholarships Engineering Scholarships Other Scholarship Lists Guide to Local Scholarships Guaranteed Scholarships Based on SAT/ACT Scores Full Ride Scholarships Easy Scholarships Weird Scholarships Specific Scholarship Guides National Merit Scholarship Gates Millennium Ronald McDonald Scholarship Tylenol Scholarship Florida Bright Futures Other Scholarship Search Tools AsI mentioned earlier, you won’t want to just apply to the big, prestigious scholarships - it’s important to apply to less competitive awards as well. To get info on almost any scholarship you can think of, check out the following online search tools. Want more detailed info? Read our guide on how to effectively use these online search resources. The College Board With the College Board’s scholarship search, you can look for awards based on all sorts of criteria. There are two ways you can search for scholarships: By keyword By filling out personal information about things like minority status, disability status, religious affiliation, veteran status, and club/organization membership. The search engine then finds scholarships that match the personal characteristics you’ve entered. You can enter in as much or as little identifying or demographic information as you’d like. Obviously, the more information you enter, the more relevant and helpful the search results will be. Scholarships.com Scholarships.com claims to be the largest free scholarship search resource available, with a total of over 2.7 million scholarships listed in their database. The site lets you save, â€Å"favorite,† or remove scholarship matches associated with your account. Students tend to have more luck with Scholarships.com when it comes to finding relevant awards when compared to many other scholarship search engines. Your Favorite Search Engine Once you get a better sense of the scholarships you’d like to apply for, you can use Google (or something similar) to search for awards. This gives you a lot of freedom and flexibility when you’re searching for scholarships, especially if you have specific keywords in mind. You might find individual awards or lists of relevant scholarships that others have already put together. Your Guidance or College Counselor School counselors are an untapped resource when it comes to finding scholarship money! Definitely schedule a meeting with your guidance or college counselor - the earlier, the better, but ideally by the beginning of junior year. They likely have insider info on scholarship programs that may be a good fit for you, especially when it comes to local awards. If you have unique skills or needs (e.g. you’re hoping to be recruited for a college sport), your counselor may also be able to help guide you through the process - this isn’t something you can get from an online scholarship search tool. A guidance counselor can give the sort of personalized feedback that you can only get from a real, live human How to Choose Which Scholarships to Apply for You might come across thousands of scholarships in your college search, but you can’t apply to all of them, no matter how efficient you are. It’s important to pare down the number of scholarships you apply to in order to maximize your success of winning cash (8-10 applications is a reasonable goal here). Here are some questions you should ask yourself when you’re putting together that all-important list of scholarship applications: Do You Meet All of the Eligibility Requirements? This seems obvious, but it’s really important. Carefully read through all of the eligibility requirements to make sure you meet every single one. If the organization has set specific guidelines on things like GPA, ACT/SAT scores, community service hours, etc., don’t expect them to even look at your application if you’re just â€Å"close† to meeting the requirements. This will just waste time you could have spent applying to other scholarships. If you have any questions about confusing requirements, reach out to the scholarship organization directly. Are You a Good Fit for the Award? This is similar (but not the same) as meeting the eligibility requirements.If you do meet the requirements, ask yourself (and answer honestly) whether you are this scholarship’s target audience. That is, do you fit the spirit of the award and not just the letter of it? For example, let’s say you’re looking at an award for scholar-athletes, and you’re a great student, but you’ve never played on a varsity team. You might meet the hard requirements (i.e. you’ve played a sport), but you’re not what the organization is looking for when they say â€Å"scholar athlete.† This is an award you should pass on. Is the Scholarship Worth the Time You'll Spend on the Application? Some scholarship applications ask a lot of the students hoping to get the award. You might have to submit all sorts of documentation - everything from transcripts to financial docs to letters of rec to student essays These obstacles may be worth it for relatively large awards where you’re sure you a) meet all requirements and b) are a good fit for the scholarship. But for smaller awards or awards where you’re not the ideal applicant? Pass. When Is the Application Deadline? Does the deadline conflict with any other big responsibilities (e.g. exams, college app deadlines, important extracurricular events)? Avoid scholarshipsyou won't be able to finish in time as well as ones that will require you to miss schoolwork in order to finish. Do you have enough time between now and then to put together a polished application? If you just have to fill out a few forms and write an essay or two, you won’t need that long - maybe a couple of weeks (you’ll want to build in time to get feedback from a teacher/counselor).If you have to put together a lot of documentation - like official transcripts, letters of rec, etc. - you might need 2-3 months. Have You Looked for Niche Awards? Most scholarships programs look for qualities that I discussed earlier in the article - academic excellence, leadership skills, community service, etc. If you can find awards that are targeted towards students with your niche interests, skills, or background, you’ll really increase your chances of winning some scholarship money. Even if you don’t use resources like the College Board search tool to find scholarships, you should go through the questionnaire asking about various group affiliations or student characteristics. If you identify with anything listed, use those keywords to look for potential scholarships (e.g.religious affiliation, ethnic background, veteran status, unique extracurriculars). The smaller the applicant pool for a particular award, the weaker the competition. Take advantage of these niche award opportunities. Do You Have a Good Variety of Scholarship Applications Lined Up? You may find a ton of great awards for which you’re an excellent applicant, but if they’re all very competitive or very popular (see: Coca-Cola scholarship, Gates Millennium scholarship), you’re doing yourself a disservice. Just as(strategically minded) top students don't just applyto Ivy League schools, you don't want to just apply for uber-competitiveawards.Try to put together a list of scholarships of varying degrees of competitiveness. Look at both national and local awards. Ever hear that you shouldn't put all your eggs in one basket? This is why you should apply to a variety of scholarship programs. Scholarship Application Tips and Strategies Once you’ve chosen which scholarships you’d like to apply for, you’ll want to be as organized and as polished as possible when it comes to submitting the apps. If you want to increase your chances of submitting successful applications, follow these tips! Get Organized Set up a scholarship application plan in the same way you’d set up a college application plan - organize all of your tasks and deadlines in one place. The easiest way to do this is to set up a spreadsheet with all this important info - like scholarship name, deadline and application components. This makes it easy to track your progress if you check off relevant tasks as you go. If you choose to set up your own spreadsheet (like in Excel or Google Drive), start by setting up the following spreadsheet columns (you can customize these as necessary): Scholarship name Application deadline Link to application Application â€Å"start† date (the date by which you want to start working on the app) Application essay required? (check off when complete) Letters of recommendation required? (check off when submitted) Transcripts required? (check off when submitted) ACT/SAT scores required? (check off when submitted) Any other required documentation? (check off when submitted) Checkpoint:Application essay edits received and implemented Checkpoint:Application reviewed by friend or family member Checkpoint:Application submitted Think Strategically Applying to scholarships is a numbers game, just like applying to colleges.You can apply to as many or as few awards as you’d like, but it's best to find some sort of optimal middle ground. This middle ground will vary a bit for each student, depending on his or her goals and personal characteristics. Too many applications may leave you feeling overwhelmed (and cut into other important commitments); too few applications may mean you don't actually win any money. Here are some important questions to consider when putting together your list of scholarship applications: How badly do you need scholarship funding?If you don't think you'll end up withmuch need-based financial aid, but you're still worried about paying forcollege expenses, you might want to apply to more scholarship programs. Are youa competitive scholarship applicant?Unless you've stumbled upon some sort of unknown secretprogram, the chances are that your application for each award will be weighed against those of many other students. If you're not a strongstudent - say, in the top quarter of your class - you mayhave trouble winning merit awards. If this is the case, you may want to increase your number of scholarship apps. How much extra time do you have?If you have an overloaded schedule, applying to too many scholarship programs may hurt your academic and extracurricular performance. Overbooked students may want tobe more selective with their scholarship applications. On average, I would say the ideal number of scholarship applications on average is 8-10 - you'll want to adjust your own number of apps based on the questions I laid out above. Finally, try to choose a few â€Å"reach† scholarships (i.e. very large/competitive awards), a few â€Å"safety† scholarships (i.e. small, noncompetitive or local awards), and a few â€Å"target† scholarships (mid-sized awards that you feel are a good fit). Have Someone Review Your Applications This is a super important step - it might be tempting to skip (especially if you’re on a deadline), but make sure SOMEONE looks over your applications with fresh eyes. If the application requires essays, it’s best to get feedback from a teacher or guidance counselor. Try to build 2-3 weeks into your application timeline for edits and comments. To check for typos, missed information, and general clarity, have a parent or even a trusted friend look over your apps. You could always repay the favor for a friend by looking over their applications! Even the most conscientious student should look for feedback on herapplications. What's Next? There's so much more to learn when it comes to finding and winning awards! You'd undoubtedly be interested in reading more about full ride scholarships - for more info, read about the top 15 full-ride awards, 79 colleges that offer full ride scholarships, and the top strategies for winning a full ride scholarship. If you're considering applying for scholarships, you should alsolook into other forms of financial aid. Read our guides on the four different types of financial aid and how to apply for them. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Marketing service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing service - Essay Example Attempts need to be made by the companies to bridge the gap. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Service Encounter 1 5 Service Encounter 2 7 Service Encounter 3 9 Service Encounter 4 11 Service Encounter 5 13 Conclusion 15 References 16 Appendices 18 Introduction Services are the economic activities rendered by one party to another party. The heart of service is considered to be the encounter taking place between the server as well as the customer. It is during this phase when the emotions tend to come into contact with the economics in real time and hence people evaluate the quality of service (Chase & Dasu, 2012). The chief objective of the report is to evaluate the service encounters from one’s perspective as a customer and hence to analyze the recorded situations by making use of the relevant theories and concepts. Service Encounter 1 While having a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) internet connection with Dodo Company in the year 2012 with a contract of two years, I found that the company disconnected my internet within a month of the contract. I tried to fix the problem with the company and despite several attempts made by the company to resolve the issues faced by me, it was not capable of coming out with a feasible solution. Hence, I experienced a negative service encounter with the company. ... It can be mentioned that the disconfirmation of expectations paradigm has been considered as most accepted model that can be successfully applied for examining the issues related to consumer satisfaction/ dissatisfaction (Fisk & Young, 1985). Customer experiences with the product causing negative emotions can lead to substantial damages to the companies in relation to their reputation as well as their association to their customers. When a customer experiences a negative service encounter, the result of such experience is generally anger or frustration which has been the case with me in relation to Dodo Company. Although the company realized the problems that I have been facing with the services and tried to fix it up however, it had not been meeting up to the expectations (McGrawHill, 2012). One of the underlying facts related to services is that satisfaction tends to have an impact on usage continuance intentions. A customer is most likely to continue using a product only if he/she is satisfied with the product or service. It can be observed that since the service rendered by the company was not up to my expectation, I planned to discontinue using the services of the company. Hence, such circumstances reveal the fact that the companies must make all the attempts to satisfy the customers so that they do not stop consuming the services. Discontinuation might lead to several damages to the company in the form of decline in revenues and retardation of the brand image as well. Dodo needs to ensure that they do not breach the contract that they make with the customers and try to fix all the problems within the stipulated time (Miao, 2008). Service Encounter 2 While visiting McDonald’s, I ordered for a coffee and banana bread

Roman Art Plaza Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Roman Art Plaza - Essay Example Fontana del Nettuno or the Fountain of Neptune is found at the north end of the piazza. This fountain was designed in 1574 by Giacomo della Porta and sponsored by Pope Gregory XIII. The fountain is composed of a basin made of white marble and on top are mythological nereids or sea nymphs and the god Neptune wrestling with an octopus. Overall, the three fountains in the Piazza Navona are antiquities that show the craftsmanship of the Romans. The piazza, with its unique and precious landscape, may be unparalleled for its beauty. Notably, however, the subjects of the sculptures are all male. This reflects the power of the male figure in the Renaissance time, and in turn, the elites because they were the ones who had access to education and the arts. Apparently, the cost of materials used to construct the fountains reveals the elitist view of both the Church and the government. The said fountains now serve as legacies of art but at the time they were constructed, the common people did no t have enough to eat, thus they resisted the construction of the Fontana Dei Quattro. In response, the government was after prestige and power, thus it held a stiff look at the qualms of the people. In many works, the Renaissance people lavishly proved their high taste in art, which later earned them prestige and praise. The Piazza Navona strictly conforms with High Renaissance requirements of drama, physical presence and balance. In particular, the facial expressions and hand gestures of the statues.

International trade and finance law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International trade and finance law - Essay Example The crisis also played an important part in the decrease of consumer wealth and poor economic activity ultimately leading to the global economic recession experienced between 2008 and 2012. Various causes of the 2008 economic crisis have been identified. These causes have been assigned weights by various economists in order to offer a comprehensive understanding of the event. According to a report presented to the U.S. senate on the financial crisis, the main causes were identified as poor regulatory systems, failure of rating agencies and high risk products among other cumulative effects2. By considering the financial crisis, we find that various questions need to be answered. First, what reasons resulted in the vulnerability of banks to problems in the credit market? What roles does the effectiveness of current international and national regulatory frameworks play on this vulnerability and finally, what changes are needed in the regulatory framework to prevented any future occurren ce of a global financial crisis. Looking at the situation preceding and following the financial crisis, we conclude that the main cause of the financial crisis included poor implementation with regards to corporate governance and risk management, poor design of regulatory frameworks and weaknesses in risk assessment and reporting. ... The main trigger of the financial crisis was the collapse of the U.S. housing bubble that begun in the late 1990s and peaked in 20073. According to Bullard (2009), the rapid demand for housing and the resulting increase in prices can be attributed to rare low interest rates, fast income growth, improvements in the mortgage market and large capital influx. During the housing bubble, there was a rapid increase in the offering of nonprime mortgage loans especially those with unusual terms. According to research, there was a 40% increase of nonprime mortgage loans between the year 2001 and 20064. Most of these loans were given to consumers with poor credit histories, marginal down payments and other deficiencies precluding them from prime loans5. The rise in subprime lending was accompanied by a fast increase in the percentage of subprime loans that lenders sold to banks. Firms such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac played a crucial part in the development of lending, which they funded throu gh selling of bonds in the capital markets. Ultimately, Government Sponsored Enterprises that were tasked with policing mortgage originators and maintaining underwriting standards were forced to relax these standards in order to compete with private banks6. When the bubble burst and there was a sharp fall in house prices, most borrowers realized that their loans exceeded what their houses were worth. This resulted in the inability of most borrowers to refinance their mortgages ultimately creating the motivation for defaults. Due to this, loan defaults and foreclosures increase sharply as can be seen in Figure 1 Fig 1: The U.S. Housing Bubble7 The failure of the mortgage market was also accompanied by the explosion and subsequent collapse of shadow banking.

Illustration and Example Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Illustration and Example - Essay Example It has also been observed that children of divorced people normally lack confidence and they start involving in bad habits soon. However, the other side of the story is even worse. Divorce is better for America than long-term marriage because divorce 1) decreases the chances of violence, fights and mental depression, 2) saves children from the feeling of being neglected and insecure and 3) stops the bitterness for opposite sexes which may arise due to regular misunderstandings and fights between the partners. Long-term unhappy marriages cause disputes, violence, abusing and harsh behaviors. Healthy relationships always require for a flexible attitude. If both the partners remain stiff in their attitudes then it is more likely that their life would be full of mental and physical depression. And this mental and physical depression can lead to other diseases in their lives. Individuals who are unhappy in a relationship but still do not part their ways are more probable to do commit actions of insanity. For e.g. daily fights in a household between the husband and spouse may lead both of them to develop a sense of grudge in each other. And in many cases it can be seen that this feeling of grudge has lead the husband or wife to cheat on each other and further worsen the relationship. The actions of wife and husband not only do change in an unhealthy relationship but also does the relationship affect the environment of the house. Another example can be viewed here in which fights between husban d and wife can lead to lethal actions by one of them.Children are an important part of a household who need to be properly taken cared of. However if fights take place between their parents they may not get proper attention from them and this may affect their overall life standards. It would lead the children to indulge in activities which are not desirable. In cases it has been seen that children also lose their will of living in the same house in which these fights occur. For e.g. in a household in which fights occur on a daily basis, children are not paid heed properly. These children develop a sense of insecurity in the house and thus this leads them to indulge in activities such as smoking and drinking. Here the option of divorce can be considered to be better so as to save the future of the children. Furthermore another example can be considered here in which the fights which happen on a daily basis in the house affect the confidence level of the children. This leads the child ren to have a lower confidence level. Similarly if unhappy marriages continue husband and wife might also suffer from the problem of insecurity. Insecurity in a relationship can affect the lives of both the individuals in a relationship. It can ruin the whole life of the individuals as they won't ever be able to find a perfect match for themselves. They develop a sense of

How Has The Global Financial Crisis Impacted Consumer Behaviour with Dissertation

How Has The Global Financial Crisis Impacted Consumer Behaviour with Reference to The UK Car Industry - Dissertation Example h 40 3.8.2 Plagiarism 40 3.9 Chapter Review 41 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 42 Chapter 5: ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS 55 5.1 Conclusions 55 5.2 Recommendations 56 5.3 Reflections 57 REFERENCES 59 List of Figures Figure 1.3.1: Factors influencing Car Buyer Behaviour 6 Figure 2.1.1: GDP Growth in the United Kingdom 13 Figure 2.1.2: Financial Conditions and Housing Price Developments in the United Kingdom 13 Figure 2.1.3: Unemployment in the United Kingdom during the Global Financial Crisis 14 Figure 2.1.4: Seasonally Adjusted Household Final Consumption Expenditure for the UK 16 Figure 2.1.5: UK Consumer Confidence 17 Figure 2.1.6: Seasonally Adjusted Durable Goods Expenditure Growth Rates for the United Kingdom 18 Figure 2.1.7: Seasonally Adjusted Transport Growth Rates for the United Kingdom 19 Figure 2.1.8: UK Mortgage Approvals 20 Figure 2.1.9: UK Investment Risk Appetite 20 Figure 2.2.1: New and Used Car Sales in the United Kingdom 23 Figure 2.2.2: New Car Market Volume and Value in the United Kingdom 24 Figure 2.2.3: Steps that Consumers Took to Offset Rising Fuel Prices 25 Figure 4.1: New Car Registrations for Ford in the United Kingdom 44 Figure 4.2: New Car Registrations for Vauxhall in the United Kingdom 44 Figure 4.3: New Car Registrations for Volkswagen in the United Kingdom 45 Figure 4.4: New Car Registrations for BMW in the United Kingdom 45 Figure 4.5: New Car Registrations for Audi in the United Kingdom 46 Figure 4.6: New Car Registrations for Nissan in the United Kingdom 46 Figure 4.7: Income Distribution Level of those Contemplating Buying a Car after the End of the Global Financial Crisis 49 Figure 4.8: Price Paid for Current Car in the United Kingdom after End of the Global Financial Crisis 50 Figure 4.9: Factors Initiating Decision to Buy a Current Car in the United Kingdom after the End of the Global Financial Crisis 51 Figure 4.10: Number of Models Considered when Buying a Current Car after the End of the Global Financial Crisis in the United Kingdom 52 Figure 4.11: Sources of Information Used when Deciding about Buying a Current Car after the End of the Global Financial Crisis in the United Kingdom 53 Figure 4.12: Trade-offs when Deciding about Buying a Current Car after the End of the Global Financial Crisis in the United Kingdom 54 List of Tables Table 4.1: New Car Registrations for Various Models of Cars during the Global Financial Crisis 43 Table 4.2: Most Popular Models of Cars Sold in the United Kingdom in the Year 2010 47 Acknowledgements Declaration of Originality MASTERS DISSERTATION SUBMISSION FORM Student’s family name: First names: Student ID No: Course: Supervisor: Dissertation Title: How has the Global

Descriptive Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Descriptive - Statistics Project Example Consequently, an organization can meet expectations among all target consumers and at the same time optimize its sales volume and profitability. Similarly, understanding statistics on consumption helps business organizations in planning their productions, an aspect that affects wastes in storage cost, and goods that expire before sales. Understanding demand is also important for informed decisions among producers and consumers through generating information on alternatives that can be compared for decision-making (Apte, 2009). For producers and aspiring producers, understanding distribution in levels of expenditures for different classes of goods and services may indicate more profitable ventures for exploration while a consumer’s understanding of trends in major expenditures could develop awareness of possible utilities for exploration. Understanding that others spend significant amount of money on entertainment may, for example, be an indicator that entertainment is benefici al to professional and personal health and influence a consumer’s opinion on entertainment expenditure level. Expenditure and its determinants are also important for theoretical understanding of relationship between demand and its associated factors. According to law of demand, level of demand for a commodity is inversely proportional to the commodity’s price, should all other factors be kept constant (Friedman, 2009), and this establishes a basis for studying microeconomic factors such as demand and its relationship with other factors, to ascertain the theory, based on changing environments. Studying demand and its associated factors also offers a basis for extending the theory of demand to explaining correlations among the factors to demand such as levels of income, fraction of income spent on different types of utilities (Chauhan, 2009), and â€Å"cultural

How Has The Global Financial Crisis Impacted Consumer Behaviour with Dissertation

How Has The Global Financial Crisis Impacted Consumer Behaviour with Reference to The UK Car Industry - Dissertation Example h 40 3.8.2 Plagiarism 40 3.9 Chapter Review 41 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 42 Chapter 5: ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS 55 5.1 Conclusions 55 5.2 Recommendations 56 5.3 Reflections 57 REFERENCES 59 List of Figures Figure 1.3.1: Factors influencing Car Buyer Behaviour 6 Figure 2.1.1: GDP Growth in the United Kingdom 13 Figure 2.1.2: Financial Conditions and Housing Price Developments in the United Kingdom 13 Figure 2.1.3: Unemployment in the United Kingdom during the Global Financial Crisis 14 Figure 2.1.4: Seasonally Adjusted Household Final Consumption Expenditure for the UK 16 Figure 2.1.5: UK Consumer Confidence 17 Figure 2.1.6: Seasonally Adjusted Durable Goods Expenditure Growth Rates for the United Kingdom 18 Figure 2.1.7: Seasonally Adjusted Transport Growth Rates for the United Kingdom 19 Figure 2.1.8: UK Mortgage Approvals 20 Figure 2.1.9: UK Investment Risk Appetite 20 Figure 2.2.1: New and Used Car Sales in the United Kingdom 23 Figure 2.2.2: New Car Market Volume and Value in the United Kingdom 24 Figure 2.2.3: Steps that Consumers Took to Offset Rising Fuel Prices 25 Figure 4.1: New Car Registrations for Ford in the United Kingdom 44 Figure 4.2: New Car Registrations for Vauxhall in the United Kingdom 44 Figure 4.3: New Car Registrations for Volkswagen in the United Kingdom 45 Figure 4.4: New Car Registrations for BMW in the United Kingdom 45 Figure 4.5: New Car Registrations for Audi in the United Kingdom 46 Figure 4.6: New Car Registrations for Nissan in the United Kingdom 46 Figure 4.7: Income Distribution Level of those Contemplating Buying a Car after the End of the Global Financial Crisis 49 Figure 4.8: Price Paid for Current Car in the United Kingdom after End of the Global Financial Crisis 50 Figure 4.9: Factors Initiating Decision to Buy a Current Car in the United Kingdom after the End of the Global Financial Crisis 51 Figure 4.10: Number of Models Considered when Buying a Current Car after the End of the Global Financial Crisis in the United Kingdom 52 Figure 4.11: Sources of Information Used when Deciding about Buying a Current Car after the End of the Global Financial Crisis in the United Kingdom 53 Figure 4.12: Trade-offs when Deciding about Buying a Current Car after the End of the Global Financial Crisis in the United Kingdom 54 List of Tables Table 4.1: New Car Registrations for Various Models of Cars during the Global Financial Crisis 43 Table 4.2: Most Popular Models of Cars Sold in the United Kingdom in the Year 2010 47 Acknowledgements Declaration of Originality MASTERS DISSERTATION SUBMISSION FORM Student’s family name: First names: Student ID No: Course: Supervisor: Dissertation Title: How has the Global

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Article Critique - Essay Example To comply with the requirements of writing a critique, one selected the topic which covers the rationale for federalism (why federalism?) and provide insights regarding personal reaction and opinion on the points that were discussed to determine if these points were appropriately supported. Why Federalism? The authors effectively presented a discussion on the topic (why federalism?) by first establishing the rationale for unification. Other terms that were successfully defined included: nation, confederal system, unitary system, self-government, and federalism (Greer, Schiller and Segal 75-77). The expertise and authoritativeness of the authors on the subject have been established in their capacities as professors of political science. As such, provisions of meanings of terms were validly presented through the knowledge they have gained from previous academic pursuits and in their respective professions as educators. In another perspective, the authors used a fairly comprehensible an d straightforward language that aids the students, who are the primary audience, in gaining awareness and knowledge on the subject of discussion. Through the provision of clear examples where students could effectively identify and relate to, the authors thereby are effective in language use and structural presentation. Difficult terms or vocabularies that need to be expounded were effectively provided meanings in straightforward and easily understood manners. Also, by citing other authoritative discourses authored by experts on the subject, Greer, Schiller and Segal (2012) established support and increased credibility on the topics being discussed. For instance, in defining the term ‘federalism’ which is crucial in this section, Greer, Schiller and Segal (2012) made reference to a policital scientist, William Riker, whose definition was explicitly disclosed therein. Likewise, through presenting a visual comparative illustration of conferedal, unitary and federal system s, as Figure 3.1 (Greer, Schiller and Segal 76), students were illumined on the similarities or disparities of one system of government from the other. Visual representations and illustrations are effective means to enhance understanding on topics that could be challenging to comprehend through purely written literary discourse. In subjects such as political science and history where students expect a lot of reading and discussion, as well as references to historical backdrop, using visual aids and illustrations become a welcome and helpul respite. The sources of other secondary references that provided support to the authors’ contentions were cited in two ways: through immediate citation with references under figures or visual illustrations; and through an author index where supercripts where initially added in citations through the text. In expounding on the subject of why federalism, for instance, the authors made reference to only one citation, from the work of William Ri ker in his definition of the term ‘federalism’ (Greer, Schiller and Segal 76). Despite the lack of other citations, the authors used other means of support through the provision of historical narration, examples, and statistics, as deemed applicable: for instance, citing the experiences of participants in the 1787 Constitutional Convention, specifically located in

International law Essay Example for Free

International law Essay International law can be divided into two main branches; public international law and private international law. According to Corel University Law School, Legal Information Institute; public international law, oversees matters of rights between nations and citizens or subjects of other nations whereas, the latter deals with conflicts between private individuals arising out of circumstances of key importance to more than one nation. Over time the line between private and public international laws has been growing thinner with issues of private international law now linking with those of public international law. This is because the international community finds many matters of private international law of significance to them. In a nutshell, international law governs human actions and interactions at the global heights. For a long time since its inception in the 16th Century, international law consisted of policies and regulations governing interactions between nations until recently when the law was redefined to incorporate relations between states and individuals as well as relation between international institutions. International law has received its share of criticism with the emergence of a school of thought holding that it was mechanism designed by developed countries purposefully for colonization in the modern world. In his book; Imperialism, Sovereignty and the making of International Law Anghie argues that â€Å"the colonial confrontation was central to the formation of international law and, in particular, it’s founding concept, sovereignty. He goes ahead to argue that international law is a modern way of governing non-European people, that economic exploitations and cultural erosion that resulted from the same were strategically important for the discipline. Contrary to Anghie’s thinking, international law would otherwise be a benevolent undertaking had it not been demonized by powerful states to achieve 21st century colonialism. The concept of international law obviously conflicts with the fundamentals of sovereignty which also means independence. This is to say that a sovereign state should be free to run its domestic affairs free from hindrances by outside authority. The proponents of international law may have worked on the assumptions that the sovereignty of a state is not only founded on the self-governing will of its sovereign, but also on its position in relationship to several other states. This implies that if a certain country comes up with policies which are likely to affect its neighbors or other countries then its sovereignty can be subject to violation when international law intervenes. Nonetheless, the general belief is that a state should be able to do whatever it pleases within its territories. It is important to mention that sovereignty of a state means it is free to use its resources for its own prosperity without interference from outside powers. However, developed states have in many occasions meddled in the economic affairs of third world states. It is by right that a third world states control all that is within their territories without interference from developed countries. International law, through international business law paves way for exploitation of third world countries by their developed counterparts. Interdependence is a word strategically coined by developed states to cover up for their deeply buried conspiracy aimed at reaping resources from developed countries under the cover of globalisation. Hopefully, out of their own efforts, third world states may eventually grow to the level of being powerful. In the contrary, world super powers are not stupid to let third world countries grow to be as powerful as them. Because of this insecurity, they invent laws and lie to third world states that it is for the good of the world when the underpinning motive is to increase dependence by developing countries on the world powers. Even if these countries develop, they will be under control of developed states. A good example is the claim by developed countries in favor of their investors on foreign territories. The claim by capital-exporting countries is intended to limit a country’s sovereignty to impose limitations on foreign investors (Sornarajah 136). This may sound as a generous thought to open up equal playing grounds for signatories of international law. However, consider the fact that capital-exporting countries are the world superpowers hosting numerous billionaire investors just looking for places to multiply their billions. Some of these multibillion businesses are state owned corporations. With this kind of law, the world powers will establish multibillion corporations in third world territories in the pretext of privately owned investments. They will offer employment opportunities, good health facilities, education, housing, infrastructure to millions of natives of third world states. Because most third world governments are unable to offer basic needs for their populace, these international corporations will win the hearts of many in third world states. Although political rule will be retained by the hosting governments, such multibillion corporations will have unprecedented control not only over citizens whom they will have won their trust, but also over government policy decisions. By that time, third world states will be literally foreign territories of developed states. Of course a few rich individuals from developing countries will have benefited from this law and established businesses in developed countries. However, because their native governments will be lacking both economic and political powers, their activities will be highly controlled by the host governments keeping them from making any breakthroughs. This treaty might also limit a state’s ability to use domestic legal facilities on foreign investors who break the law since they will be under protection of international law. This is based on the belief that any grievance against an investor operating under international law is an injury to his native country. International law therefore was only formed with the excuse of interdependence between signatory states with the hidden purpose to reintroduce a modern style of Colonialism being witnessed today. In the modern world, economic sovereignty is paramount to any form of sovereignty. Political sovereignty in the 21st century is worthless without economic independence. It is because of this that developed countries continue to come up with selfish policies with the excuse of interdependence. For this reason most third world countries brag of political independence but when they cannot provide for their citizens, they seek shelter from the economic giants who do not offer anything without conditions. Developed countries will always do this through economic sanctions such as freezing donor aid which when implemented cripples the operations of third world states. Nye states that although the potential for benefits in interdependence exist, the potential for tragedy exists as well (179). Nye goes to the extreme to refer to the negative results of interdependence not merely as losses, which would be the opposite of benefits, but tragedy. Tragedy can also be a disaster, catastrophe or misfortune. The after effects of a disaster are usually devastating and repairing the mess requires extraordinary measures usually taking a longer period of time. The shocking thing is that whereas developing countries are obeying international law, developed countries can violate it and get away with it. Israel has been in the headlines for many years over Gaza strip conflict with Palestine’s. The attacks have led to serious violation of human rights and international law. Atrocities committed along Gaza Strip are worrying and one would wonder why Israel is being excused from war crimes trials. Up to date, the international judges still seem to be wondering if Israel has committed enough crimes to be subjected to trials. On the other hand, the United States of America reciprocated against Afghanistan after the September 11th attacks on America’s soil and many innocent lives were lost. Most worrying is human rights violations by US soldiers against war prisoners and terrorist suspects at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. In 2001, hundreds of Taliban prisoners of war were suffocated to death after they were imprisoned inside metal containers by US military in the Afghan town of Kunduz. Instead of being charged with human rights violations, the world superpower arrested Saddam Hussein and had him hanged to death for war crime charges during his regime. Meanwhile the international law is in full force in developing countries. International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued a warrant of arrest against Sudan’s re-elected leader Omar alBshir over war crime related charges. Currently, the ICC is also investigating human rights violations during the 2007 post election chaos in Kenya and is expected to take in suspects by September 2010. Efforts by the ICC to arrest perpetrators of violence are all in good faith, but how about the rich countries which commit the same crimes? Whereas it will be extremely difficult for a country which has cut off itself from the rest of the world, international law deprives nations from exercising their sovereignty within their territories with respect to the locally prevailing circumstances. The international law in large part works in favor of the developed countries and does not result in the desired interdependence which will empower weak nations. Nations should be empowered to be able to independently and decisively handle their economic, political and legal activities without interference from outside forces which may not understand the prevailing circumstances. It is only when they are empowered that they will be able to have the bargaining power which is critical for interdependence at the international level.

JumpOff Creek :: essays papers

Jump Off Creek The Jump-Off Creek introduces the reader to the unforgiving Blue Mountains and the harsh pioneer lifestyle with the tale of Lydia Sanderson, a widow who moves west from Pennsylvania to take up residence in a rundown homestead. She and other characters battle nature, finances, and even each other on occasion in a fight for survival in the harsh Oregon wilderness. Although the story is vividly expressed through the use of precise detail and 1800s slang, it failed to give me a reason to care because the characters are depicted as emotionally inhibited. Gloss attempts to draw the reader into the story with Lydia's diary entry, giving a taste of the slang used in the 1800s, boosting the reader's curiosity, and showing a little of Lydia's personality and schooling through the character's writing: "6 April Bought the black hinny Mule today, $18, also the spavint gray as my money is so short and I have hope he will put on wt, his eyes are clear w a smart look in them and his feet not tender. Believe I am now outfitted, shall start out at Day Break." (1) She then moves on to describe each of the characters, and in doing so, their surroundings and how they fit in: "He was cold and wet, and the best part of the day had been used up anyway. He wiped his hands on the grass and let the pinto horse take him toward home. There was little enough comfort there. The house crouched dumb and blind on the high bench in the rain. Jack's horse stood droop-necked and dismal inside the strand of rope fence, but there wasn't any smoke coming from the damned stove (28)." As evident in the example above, Gloss is a master of description, but she is lacking in the description of her characters' emotions, as seen here: "It had been a while since Lydia had cried over anything. She was surprised when a few dry tears squeezed around the edges of her eyes. But it was the lost babies, she thought, and could not be loneliness, that made her feel this quick, keen need of Evelyn Walker's friendship (82)." It appears that Gloss attempted to show a little of Lydia's emotions, but though her point was expressed clearly, it was said far too dispassionately for the reader to care that Lydia was crying over the lost babies and loneliness.

Birth Order And The Effect On Your Personality Essay -- essays researc

Birth order and the effect it has on your personality Some parents often wonder, what, if any, effect birth order will have on their children’s personalities. Genetic factors and other influences play a significant role, but the birth order within the family plays a larger role in determining the personality of children. Countless academic studies say your place in the family is such a strong factor in developing your personality that it can have a major influence on the rest of your life. Alfred Adler, an Austrian psychiatrist and former disciple of Freud, acknowledge environmental influences such as social class, geographic origin and relationship with parents as factors in the development of personality. But it was birth order and relationship with siblings that was the single most reliable predictor of human nature (Udall). Joy Berthoud, author of â€Å"Pecking Order,† had read and been convinced by this and researched and confirmed it. â€Å"I am a journalist and wanted to stand it up myself,† she says. Hundreds of interviews later, she had her proof. â€Å"Without exception, everyone I spoke to displayed the characteristics of their position in the family pecking order.† There are many variables, she was quick to point out, dictated most notable by age gab and the gender of the children. â€Å"A girl with a sister two years her senior will be closer to the model of the second child than a girl with a brother ten years order, who might well display more of the characteristics of a first or only child† (Udall). Frank J. Sulloway, researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has studied the differences in sets of siblings throughout history. He recorded his findings in the book, â€Å"Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics and Creative Lives.† In almost every case Sulloway found that siblings seemed to seek different roles in the family. If the first child was feisty and active, and the second child would be significantly more likely to be quiet and sensitive and vice versa (Brazelton). Firstborns, Sulloway conclude, were likely to be more conforming and traditional, identifying with their parents’ power. In most cases, they were tough-minded and determined, driving toward success. They were likely to be responsib... ...intains, birth order is crucial ("Birth order and your child"). Birth order like every other factor in the development of the child, can and will differ from the norm for some children. You can have a child of any birth position who may or may not show the typical characteristics. â€Å"Birth order and your child.† Familylinks: At Parent and Child Guidance Center. 6 March 2001. Brazelton, Berry. â€Å"Why are siblings often so different?† The Washington Times, 4 February 2001, D1. Cook, Emma. â€Å"No more like you at home.† Independent on Sunday 12 January 1997, pp 7. â€Å"Parenting- Children.† CNN Health In-Depth. 6 March 2001. Payton, Chevonn. â€Å"Birth order may provide clues to understanding you kids.† The Kansas City Star 29 June 1999. Udall, Elizabeth. â€Å"How the family pecking order affects you.† Independent, 16 September 1996, pp 6,7. White, Donna Gehrke. â€Å"Birth order say more about your personality than many other determinants, a study finds.† The Miami Herald, 10 August 1999. Birth Order And The Effect On Your Personality Essay -- essays researc Birth order and the effect it has on your personality Some parents often wonder, what, if any, effect birth order will have on their children’s personalities. Genetic factors and other influences play a significant role, but the birth order within the family plays a larger role in determining the personality of children. Countless academic studies say your place in the family is such a strong factor in developing your personality that it can have a major influence on the rest of your life. Alfred Adler, an Austrian psychiatrist and former disciple of Freud, acknowledge environmental influences such as social class, geographic origin and relationship with parents as factors in the development of personality. But it was birth order and relationship with siblings that was the single most reliable predictor of human nature (Udall). Joy Berthoud, author of â€Å"Pecking Order,† had read and been convinced by this and researched and confirmed it. â€Å"I am a journalist and wanted to stand it up myself,† she says. Hundreds of interviews later, she had her proof. â€Å"Without exception, everyone I spoke to displayed the characteristics of their position in the family pecking order.† There are many variables, she was quick to point out, dictated most notable by age gab and the gender of the children. â€Å"A girl with a sister two years her senior will be closer to the model of the second child than a girl with a brother ten years order, who might well display more of the characteristics of a first or only child† (Udall). Frank J. Sulloway, researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has studied the differences in sets of siblings throughout history. He recorded his findings in the book, â€Å"Born to Rebel: Birth Order, Family Dynamics and Creative Lives.† In almost every case Sulloway found that siblings seemed to seek different roles in the family. If the first child was feisty and active, and the second child would be significantly more likely to be quiet and sensitive and vice versa (Brazelton). Firstborns, Sulloway conclude, were likely to be more conforming and traditional, identifying with their parents’ power. In most cases, they were tough-minded and determined, driving toward success. They were likely to be responsib... ...intains, birth order is crucial ("Birth order and your child"). Birth order like every other factor in the development of the child, can and will differ from the norm for some children. You can have a child of any birth position who may or may not show the typical characteristics. â€Å"Birth order and your child.† Familylinks: At Parent and Child Guidance Center. 6 March 2001. Brazelton, Berry. â€Å"Why are siblings often so different?† The Washington Times, 4 February 2001, D1. Cook, Emma. â€Å"No more like you at home.† Independent on Sunday 12 January 1997, pp 7. â€Å"Parenting- Children.† CNN Health In-Depth. 6 March 2001. Payton, Chevonn. â€Å"Birth order may provide clues to understanding you kids.† The Kansas City Star 29 June 1999. Udall, Elizabeth. â€Å"How the family pecking order affects you.† Independent, 16 September 1996, pp 6,7. White, Donna Gehrke. â€Å"Birth order say more about your personality than many other determinants, a study finds.† The Miami Herald, 10 August 1999.

Climate Change Impact On Agriculture In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate alteration is a phenomenon that arises due to emanations of nursery gases from fuel burning, deforestation, urbanisation and industrialisation, ensuing fluctuations in solar energy, temperature and precipitation. ( Upreti, 1999 ) . It is a existent menace to life which mostly affects H2O resources, agribusiness, coastal parts, fresh water home grounds, flora, woods, snow screen, and geological procedures such as thaw, land sliding, desertification and inundations all of which have long-run affects on nutrient security and human wellness. ( G.Malla.2008 ) . Climate alteration is a planetary issue ; debated on at all foreparts whether it ‘s political, economic or scientific. Climate must be prevented from farther harm. Before the terminal arrives, there is a demand on all degrees of society to understand clime, the factors behind alteration and its impact on our agribusiness and economic system. It is a good known fact that agribusiness is the anchor of Pakistan. Agriculture and agri-related activities form 80 % of the state ‘s economic system. Agriculture is relatively more sensitive to alterations in clime, and can be impacted badly due to events such as ill-timed rainfalls, utmost temperatures and carbondioxide concentrations. A demand arises to closely detect the environment and take up necessary steps for undertaking these challenges. This research work is an effort to turn to the issues and jobs faced by Pakistan ‘s agricultural sector and happen the necessary solutions.2. Statement OF THE PROBLEM:Pakistan ‘s economic system and prosperity is closely linked to its agribusiness. Pakistan ‘s economic activities relate straight or indirectly to agricultural sector. Agricultural sector is dependent on nature. The unsure alterations in nature i.e. altering in precipitation form, highly high and low temperatures, cyclones, electrical storms, fluctuati on in H2O degree, impurification of air, H2O and dirt, have made agribusiness and agri-production a ambitious issue. Unusual heavy rain storms in 2010, which resulted in inundations and deformation of agribusiness and belongings, are an illustration of clime alteration. The loss to the economic system and the people agonies are still remembered and unforgettable. It is the demand of the twenty-four hours to carefully detect clime alteration, the causes of utmost conditions events and happen the necessary solutions to the jobs. Issues sing susceptibleness to extreme climate conditions should be addressed with earnestness to salvage Pakistan ‘s agricultural sector and accordingly the national economic system. This research survey is an effort in turn toing and finally work outing the jobs faced by Pakistan ‘s agribusiness sector due to unsure climate revolutionization.3. Aim:Sing the importance of agricultural sector for the economic system and nutrient demands of Pakistan, there is a demand for dependable estimations of major harvest production under varied clime alteration commissariats and fortunes. Although clime is an unmeasurable fact that is affected by assorted factors i.e. Carbon dioxide concentration in ambiance, temperature fluctuations, precipitation rates, H2O degree, dirt eroding, salt etc. The factors that are straight set uping harvest production are temperature and precipitation rates. This research survey will analyse harvest production with temperature and precipitation rates. The nucleus intents of this research survey will be as under ; 1. To detect the tendency of clime alteration from the last three decennaries i.e. from 1980 to 2010 ; 2. To analyse temperature and rainfall, as the cardinal factors set uping agricultural production, with the major hard currency harvests and nutrient harvests in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa ; 3. To look into the likely impacts of recent and predicted future clime alteration on different harvests production ; 4. To size up different adaptative schemes in get bying with the ruinous conditions of environment and bettering the entire harvests yield ;4. Significance:Pakistan is an agricultural state ; climate alteration impact on agricultural sector is a serious issue that demands immediate attending. This research survey chiefly focuses on the impact of clime alteration on agricultural sector of Pakistan such as ill-timed rainfalls and temperature fluctuations that finally consequences in either drawn-out drouths, unalarmed inundations, addition in dirt erodings and lessening in land productiveness, which finally consequences in the migrations and desertification. The state ‘s socio-economic apparatus suffers the most that leads to a weak state. The most recent impact of clime alteration was seen in July 2010, when inundations destroyed 1000s of small towns all over Pakistan. The greatest hit among them was Khyber Pakhtunkhawa ( KPK ) . The nucleus intent of this research survey is to analyse the temperature and precipitation effects on agricultural green goods in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa. Major harvests will be taken up in this respect, to analyse them in relation with temperature and precipitation from 1980 to 2010. Predictions of temperature and precipitation will assist us accommodate in the hereafter with utmost cropping and harvest home seasons. Prevention can be done before catastrophe work stoppages to safeguard the involvement of a hapless husbandman.5. RESEARCH Question:This research survey will endeavor towards happening replies to the undermentioned inquiries ; 1. Be at that place any possible harm caused by clime alteration to Pakistan ‘s economic system as a whole and agribusiness sector in peculiar? 2. What are the impacts of 2010 inundations on the production of major harvests in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa? 3. Are at that place any adaptive schemes to climate alteration that can assist rural communities strengthen their capacity to get by with catastrophes? 4. What should be the future land-management accomplishments of husbandmans to climate alteration? 5. What measures should be taken in the hereafter to diversify the support of the hapless husbandmans?6. Methodology:The methodological analysis to be adopted for this survey will be as under ; Major factors set uping clime alteration on agricultural sector are temperature and precipitation rates. Harmonizing to the works physiology literature, works development is a additive positive map of temperature, within a scope of temperature between lower limit and maximal thresholds ( Ritchie and Smith, 1991 ) . Keeping this in head, the econometric theoretical account used for analysing the clime impact on agricultural sector will use both maximal and minimal temperatures, which are positively related to harvest ‘s output. Furthermore, precipitation rates set uping harvests outputs will be captured by the relevant econometric and mathematical equations. The information sing the temperature and precipitation variables will be obtained from Pakistan Metrological Department. The information for the entire output of assorted harvests in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( KPK ) will be attained from the Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics. Climate alteration tendency will besides be observed by prosecuting different econometric and statistical techniques and processs. The econometric theoretical account used in the research survey will be analyzed with the aid of econometric package ; SPSS or SAS. The elaborate analysis of the econometric theoretical accounts will be explained and decisions will be drawn from it. The socioeconomic impacts on people every bit good as on the development of state will besides be addressed. Future recommendations every bit good as the adaptative schemes for hooking with utmost environment conditions will besides be given.7. PROVISIONAL Chapter STRUCTURE:The proposed chapter construction of the survey will be as under ; Chapter I ; Agriculture sector and its importance to the economic system of Pakistan. Chapter II ; Climate alteration and its impact on Pakistan agricultural sector. Chapter III ; Agricultural production in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa as affected by the alteration in climatic conditions ; Reappraisal of the major harvests over the last three decennaries. Chapter IV ; Analysis and probe of the major harvests of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa with climate alteration factors, utilizing Econometric techniques. Chapter V ; Reasoning the survey ; assorted adaptability and compatibility schemes in relation to climate alteration will be discussed.8. LITERATURE REVIEW:Agribusiness is highly vulnerable to climate alteration. Higher temperatures finally cut down outputs of desirable harvests while promoting weed and pest production. Changes in precipitation forms elevate the short-term harvest malfunction and declines long-term productions. Although there will be an addition in some harvests production in some parts of the universe, the overall impacts of clime alteration on agribusiness are expected to be negative, intimidating planetary nutrient security. International Food Policy Research Institute ( 2009 ) conducted a survey that concentrates on assorted agricultural sector issues in Asia and the Pacific. It presents indexs of exposure, sensitiveness, and adaptative capacity of agribusiness sector in the part. Those indexs underline the exposure of the agribusiness sector as a beginning of support and nutrient security for many people. This survey besides represents huge heterogeneousness in farming systems across Central, East, Southeast, and South Asia and the Pacific Islands. It besides highlights many other facets of exposure to climate alteration across the part that includes undernourishment, poorness and decelerate productivity. , all of which are aggravated by the effects of clime alteration. Neil Leary and Jyoti Kulkarni, ( 2007 ) , work is based on a combination of instance surveies from different parts of the universe. These surveies have debated clime exposure to impacts from clime fluctuation and alteration. The possible results from exposure to climate jeopardies and clime alteration are identified as high-ranking concern in these studies.. It includes H2O scarceness that retards advancement towards development ends, losingss of full ecosystems and their species, more frequent and greater loss of life in coastal zones, land debasement, nutrient insecurity and dearth, loss of supports and increase in infective disease epidemics. All of these are possible results of exposure to climate jeopardies. It is a beginning of greater information as it has addressed clime alteration impacts on all foreparts of life whether it is societal, economic or political. Santiago Olmos ( 2001 ) provides an lineation of version issues, capable to climate exposure literature and clime treatments. This paper covers appraisals of clime exposure in assorted parts of the universe and developing states in peculiar. The paper besides discusses some of the bing resources that can be used to carry on clime exposure appraisals and version work. The current research work is alone in the sense that it will indicate out the impacts of clime alteration on the agricultural sector of Pakistan. More specifically, major countries of concern will be the climate impact on harvests outputs in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa over the last three decennaries. The direct and indirect societal and economic impacts of clime alteration will besides be analyzed in this survey. Adaptive and preventative steps in hooking with utmost clime conditions will besides be given in this research survey.

How did Tolstoy have such a fascinating insight to every level of society?

Leo Tolstoy, -a Russian novelist, a social and moral philosopher and one of the greatest writers of all time- lived during the period of realism. Most of his works present the reader to Russian life in the early 19th century and some of them deal with Russia's past history or social system. How did Tolstoy have such a fascinating insight to every level of society? How did history or the people around him influence his writing? In what ways did he, himself influence people through his writing? Why do people, today read his works all over the world? Leo Tolstoy was born on September 9, 1828, at Yasnaya Polyana, his parents' estate close to Moscow. His mother died when he was two years old. His father was a landowning nobleman, and he died when his son turned nine. Orphaned at an early age, Tolstoy was raised by his aunt, a deeply religious woman. The young Tolstoy received his first education from German and French tutors who taught him at home. Having a good education seemed really important in his eyes, so he attended a university where he studied law and languages. After having lost interest and disagreeing with some of the teachers, he left without a degree and went back to his family's old estate to continue the family tradition. (McGraw-Hill, p. 481) There he set out to reform the imperfect Russian society. During his college years Tolstoy came across some famous works of Jean Jacques Rousseau. The words of the French political thinker, who lived during the years of Enlightment, made a huge impact on the young Tolstoy. Rousseau had great trust in the common people, those who were mostly looked down by higher society. He argued in favor of equality and called for the abolition of all titles of rank and nobility. Tolstoy liked these views and agreed with most of them. He, too, had had faith in the lower classes and clearly saw the faults of nobility. â€Å"Man is born free, and everywhere is in chains,† was his favorite quote from Rousseau. (World History, p. 435) But never would he have imagined what kind of a conflict he got himself into by expressing his views on society. Tolstoy saw the dissipation and extravagance of high society, and also the injustices and poverty of serfs. Serfs were the people forced to work on the land in Russia's feudal system. The feudal system in Russia meant that poor families received land, food and housing from a nobleman, and they worked and served him in return. These people were treated very badly, they lived among horrible conditions and they had no hope of ever improving their condition of life because they never received any education. Tolstoy clearly saw the injustices of this situation and he was saddened to see generations of people sentenced to working for someone else with no way out. He was determined to become a model farmer and a â€Å"father† to his serfs. (McGraw-Hill, p. 481) He traveled to France and Germany and visited several dozen elementary schools across Europe. Finally, Tolstoy set up a school for peasant children, giving them a way to escape their destiny. Because of these actions Tolstoy became in conflict with higher society, which was not happy about the increasing awareness of serfs. His family also limited his generosity; his wife was especially annoyed because of her husband's charity towards the poor. Tolstoy married his wife when he was 34 and Sofya Andreyevna Bers was 16 years younger then her husband. She was a very intelligent, strong-willed woman who gave Tolstoy great happiness and 13 children. Tolstoy continued to work with his serfs and convinced his friends and other people around him to try and better the life of the work force. To everyone's astonishment his estate thrived under the new system where serfs were paid and given education and they lived among better conditions. By making these changes in his estate's economic life and managing it successfully, he convinced many other landowners to improve, too. After the birth of his children, Tolstoy had his own family to think about. Although he never had financial problems, he had to provide a living for his quickly growing family. In the next 15 years he raised a large family and as an escape from everyday problems into the past he wrote his two greatest novels: War and Peace and Anna Karenina. War and Peace represents a high point in Tolstoy's life. It is the story of 1812 when Napoleon, a French general attacked Russia. The story contains 559 characters; important military battles and portrays of historically famous people. The main theme, however is the changing lives of four Russian aristocratic families. Its general message is love of life in all circumstances which was inspired by Tolstoy's personal happiness. The shorter novel of Anna Karenina also deals with high Russian society, but it is more of a psychological work than any of his other pieces. This novel gives the reader the idea that Tolstoy greatly disapproves of intellectuality and urban sophistication and is tormented by the mission of humans in this world (http://www. geocities. com/Athens/Acropolis/6681/tolstoyb. tm). War and Peace and Anna Karenina realistically portrays Russian society in the early 19th century and probably that is the reason why every generations of people all over the world enjoy Tolstoy's works. The next 15 years were spent with seeking the ultimate meaning of life. Tolstoy went through a serious, long-lasting spiritual crisis that gave birth to two of his lesser- known works: Confession and Critique of Dogmatic The ology. In these writings he bravely attacked social inequality and the ultimate powers of government and church. His life was more and more dominated by the desire to achieve social justice and an acceptable system of moral principles. At this time he became involved with public matters and participated in many social events. During this period Tolstoy's relationship with his family became estranged. He planned on giving away all his wealth, but his wife would not hear of it. She would not share the thought of her husband that by doing good things to others might help you achieve understanding of the meaning of life. Finally, they reached a compromise and Sofya received the copyright to all his works before 1881. McGraw-Hill, p. 483) Tolstoy's last years were filled with his worldwide celebration, but they bought him great unhappiness. During these years he lived far from the world, and led a quiet life. Rejecting the foundations of Russian society and religion he established his own religion in which he explained that God lives in all people. The Eastern Orthodox Church for his view of God excommunicated Tolstoy. At the age of 82, in 1910, increasingly tormented by his personal beliefs, religious persecution, his personal wealth and by the hopeless quarrels with his wife, he decided to leave his family. He set out on his last pilgrimage in search of justification and truth. Three days later he fell ill and died on November 20, in the home of a station manager. He was later buried at his dear Yasnaya Polyana, where he spent most of his happiest years. Tolstoy benefitted from many things he received in his childhood. When foreign teachers tutored him he learned their languages completely. Therefore he knew Russian, his native language, and he spoke French and German perfectly, too. He later applied this knowledge in his books, writing in all three languages. The concept of God and the purpose and meaning of religion troubled Tolstoy throughout his life. He had always been in search of the concept of right or wrong, but never could achieve an understanding of the matter. Tolstoy' on ideas on religion and on nonresistance to evil influenced Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. Both of these men fought nonviolently for rights and the well being of their people: Gandhi in India against the British and Luther King for equality for blacks. Other famous Russian authors of this period were Fyodor Dostoevsky and Ivan Turgenev. McGraw-Hill, p. 484) Tolstoy's life seems a little bit of struggle at some points, but he really gave a lot to this world. He made a huge difference by getting rid of his convictions and doing what he thought was best for society. He even had the courage to express his views that were not welcomed by most of the people around him. Tolstoy is known for his books, however, that bought him worldwide acclaim in his living, but he is still celebrated today as one of the world's greatest author of all times.