Religion and So-called German Christians Essay

Religion continues to be one of the most influential forces in the world. It has been seen to provide great peace and harmony to believers, but it has also been the cause if not an actual reason for some of history’s greatest wars. It can be used as justification from leaders of war, can it also serve as an instrument of resolution as well? Religion has come to be a much stronger force than any material incentives. It is far better at directing positive behaviour towards social betterment than any laws or physical force. For instance, Ghandi and Martin Luther King Jr conducted non-violent protests based upon religious beliefs. Religion can also be used to help bring people together as they are more willing to work together. By contrast, places that reject religion, such as Revolutionary France, communist Russia and China, or Nazi Germany are often very brutally oppressive. However, it is not always the case. For example, Iran: a country where religion is so prevalent is equally as oppressive as these countries. Incidentally, religion can be very dangerous because it can and has been used to justify horrific acts. Crusaders not only killed many Muslims, they also massacred many Jews and Eastern Christians in the process of attempting to win control of the Holy Land. Adolf Hitler’s followers – among them the so-called German Christians – were believers in their Fuhrer. The Inquisition carried out its torture in the name of God. Religion should never be involved in politics because it can then be used as an instrument of control. However, in places where religion develops freely and people have free access to places of worship, it provides people with a sense of hope, praying serves as therapy and members of a congregation feel a sense of community and friendship. Some of the greatest works of art were created in the name of God. Furthermore, Woodrow Wilson suggested that a strong affinity exists between religious commitment and patriotism. Love of country, just like the love of God certainly inspires good deeds but not always. Furthermore, religion may have led to the creation of the world’s finest art, but it has also caused its destruction. Religion can be a source of extreme nationalism. In Christianity, Islam and Judaism, God is described as â€Å"mighty warrior, â€Å"just king† and â€Å"righteous judge.† He apparently punished the unjust, the unrighteous and the disobedient. The idea that a nation is the instrument of God’s will has led to war and the subjugation of people viewed as ungodly. Fundamentalism clouds everything. There is a need to be right and superior, which develops an ego and once we fall foul to it, we are lost. Conversely, biblical commandments are the basis of Western ethical and legal systems. It has seen to teach us tolerance for people with other beliefs and opinions. Usually believers are more peaceful, law-abiding and tolerant than the non-believers in the world. Some people need it psychologically and without it may step to extremism such as suicide or anarchy. However, some live in a delusion and in a constant state of intellectual dishonesty. Some people, who are so far devout in their own beliefs, use them to beat other beliefs and religious groups into submission. Religions like Islam justify ‘holy’ wars against the unfaithful, meaning those of other religions. This can also be seen in the violence of the crusades launched by Christians in the medieval period and by later wars between Protestant and Catholic. Religious conviction like the extremist Hindu groups against Christians and Muslims in India has paved the way for the terrorist attacks in New York City on September eleventh 2001. Religious clashes have led to some of the most heinous human behaviour in recorded history. Western states grew as a result of religion and religious philosophy. Western European and North American societies are still based on Protestant ideals of diligence, thrift and moderation. The very existence of theocratic state, proves that governments in these states are much more stable than regimes in secular countries because leaders are viewed as appointed by God. Political stability, in turn, leads to economic welfare. Despite this, Theocratic states become totalitarian regimes because they are based upon obedience to a ruler who is seen as God’s representative rather than a democratic constitution. They may be stable but they are not essentially concerned with their people’s welfare. By prioritising religious imperatives over economic development and by their intolerance of the questionable types who drive economic process states like Iran have become corrupt, authoritarian and poor. In conclusion, I believe that religion provides many opportunities and hope for those who have nothing else to turn to, it helps bring unity and sometimes peace into communities. However, I also believe that it has become a perversion of the redemptive message of Jesus, by so-called devout humans using their beliefs to ruin and destroy the lives of many others. I myself am agnostic and am very open-minded.

Allama Iqbal and the Concept of Muslim Nation

IQBAL' S CONTRIBUTION TO THE REAWAKENING OF THE MUSLIM WORLD Muhammad Aman Hob ohm Some time before his death the poet and philosopher Mohammad Iqbal, in whose memory this meeting is held, wrote the following quatrain: â€Å"When I depart from this world everyone will say: â€Å"He was known to me But in truth, none knows this traveller, Or what he said, and to whom nor whence he came. â€Å"I have neither the good fortune of knowing Iqbal personally nor am 11 an Iqbal scholar. When I was asked by the Honorary General Secretary, Pakistan Cultural Group, to participate in this meeting and to share with you some of my thoughts on the contribution made by Mohammad Iqbal to the renaissance of the Muslim World in general and to the re-awakening of Muslims of pre-partitioned India in particular, I accepted, mainly for the following two reasons:Firstly I feel that as a Muslim whose own understanding of Islam has been deeply influenced by Iqbal it was my duty to join you in paying homage to this great and noble soul repaying some of the debt of gratitude I owe him for enlightening me through his writings on so many aspects of Islamic teachings and for in-creasing my love and respect for the Messenger (peace be upon him) — and his message through Iqbal's inspired exposition of the religion of Islam, — the religion of my choice.Secondly acceptance of your kind invitation to address tonight lies in the fact that I hail from a country for which Iqbal has always had the highest esteem and what is more, a deep and abiding love and admiration i. e. Germany. Iqbal himself tells us in the preface to Payam-e-Mushriq the book in which his art has probably reached the height of power and perfection, that of the two great sages who have influenced him more than anyone else in his career as a thinker and poet, one was Maulana Jalal-ud-Din Roomi — who hailed from the East, the other was Goethe, who came from West.Iqbal went to Germany in 1906 when he studied p hilosophy at the Universities of Heidelberg and Munich. He presented his doctoral thesis entitled â€Å"The Development of Metaphysics in Persia† to the Munich University which, in November 1907, conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. His thesis was an original contribution to the subject and it still retains its importance. During his stay in Heidelberg and Munich he developed deep admiration for Germany, German thought, and poetry.As every scholar of Iqbal knows there are innumerable instances in his writings, his letters and in recorded conversation with him which clearly indicate that the works of German philosopher and poets have been a source of great inspiration to him. I have in my possession a number of letters which Iqbal wrote to his German tutor in Heidelberg. These letters, some of them written in fluent German, express his love and admiration for Germany in a most touching and convincing way. â€Å"It is impossible for me†, writes Iqbal to h is tutor â€Å"to forget your beautiful country where I have learned so much†. My stay in Heidelberg is nothing now but a beautiful dream. How I'd wish I could repeat it†. â€Å"I am very fond of Germany. It has had great influence on my ideals, and I shall never forget my stay in that country†. Never shall I forget the days I spent at Heidelberg, where you taught me Goethe's Faust, those were very happy days, indeed†. — And a final quotation, â€Å"Germany was a kind of second home to my spirit. I learned much and I thought much in that country. The home of Goethe has found a permanent place in my soul†.Iqbal's stay in Europe from 1905 till 1908 has had, I think one can call it, â€Å"revolutionizing† effect on his attitude to life, and nowhere does this find a more forceful expression than in his poetry. Iqbal's career as a poet began during his school days. His earlier poems show him as a lover of nature and as a patriot to his count ry, undivided India. Iqbal was, indeed, an ardent Indian nationalist, until he went abroad. However, during his stay in Europe he had an opportunity of studying modern nationalism at close quarters in its arious manifestations, with the- result that he came to realize the fundamental, antithesis between the narrow creed of racial and geographical loyalty and the broad humanistic outlook of Islam. Now he was no longer the poet of a particular nations. Despite he became the poet of Islam, and as such I dare say the poet of humanity. Likewise, his penetrating study of Western philosophy and social thought at their source, so to say, his stay in Europe enabled him probably as the first Muslim in Modern lines, — to study Islam in the light of modern philosophical concepts.In this process and this is significant as it shows the mettle of which Iqbal was made, his faith in his religion — Islam and significance and lasting character of the fundamental values of Islam which far from weakening, gained so much in strength and conviction and assumed such dimensions that from now on he devoted himself wholly and solely to The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam — to use the title, of his well known collection of lectures on the subject — he became the foremost Muslim thinker of our age.But we cannot say him the philosopher of Islam, for he was far more than a mere lover of wisdom. His feet were too firmly planted in the earth. The very essence of his teachings was movement, dynamism, creative activity and not passive contemplation. Art thou alive? Be enthusiastic, be a creator, Be a conqueror of the Universe like me Smash the World into pieces if it does not suit thee And bring forth another world from the depth of thy being It is irritating for a free man to live in a World made by othersHe who is devoid of creative power Is naught for me but an infidel and a heretic. This is the spirit which made him take upon himself the gigantic tas k of rousing millions of fellow countrymen, millions of human beings and making them cast off the moral inertia which had paralysed their mind and spirit in the course of centuries. And this is also the spirit which prompted him, perhaps even compelled him to associate himself actively with politics from the later 1920s till the day of his death. It is because the political ideas such as are taking shape in India today, may affect the structure of Islam†, Iqbal is reported to have said, â€Å"that I am interested in politics†. And he said elsewhere: â€Å"Politics has its roots in the spiritual life of man — Religion is a force of great importance in the life of the individual as well as of nations†. â€Å"And religion which in its highest manifestations is neither dogma nor priesthood nor mere ritual, can alone ethically pre-pare modern man for the burden of the great responsibility which the advancement of modern science necessarily involves†¦.It i s only by rising to a fresh vision of his origin and future, his whence and whither, that man will eventually triumph over a society motivated by an inhuman competition and a civilization which has lost its spiritual unity by its inner conflict of religious and political values†. So far Iqbal, the political thinker and visionary, who in this capacity too has found a place in history, through his famous presidential address at the Annual Session of the All India Muslim League at Allahabad in December 1930, in which he gave the world the concept of a consolidated, independent Muslim State in the Indo-Pakistan Sub-Continent.He thus became the founder, the originator of the Pakistan idea, though the word â€Å"Pakistan† was not coined by him. Iqbal's unique contribution to Muslim thought is his concept of the Ego and of the perfect man, as other speakers tonight are likely to dwell upon at length. This is a point, should like to make according to Iqbal –man can achie ve his highest possibilities only within and through society. This society must, however, fulfil certain conditions which Iqbal has formulated very clearly and which I may be permitted to enumerate, because of the importance which I personally attach to them.The ideal society must have a spiritual basis which is provided by the principle of Tawhid. â€Å"The state according to Islam, is only an effort to realize the spiritualism in a human organization†. â€Å"Islam, as a policy, is only a practical means of making this principle, the principle, of Tawhid, a living factor in the intellectual and traditional life of mankind. It demands loyally to God, and, this in my opinion is a pointed reference to British raj in lndia, not to thrones. And since God is the ultimate spiritual basis of all life, loyalty to God virtually amounts to man's loyally to his ideal nature. Iqbal further insists that it must centre around the Prophet (peace be upon him), that it must have a code †” the Holy Quran and a focus — Mecca, and it ought to apply itself to conquering the forces of nature. Iqbal was convinced that the decadence of the East as it obtained in his days and before, its economic and political disintegration were caused to a large ex-tent by its neglect of science. But let us not forget that he also demanded that his ideal society must maintain traditions, for traditions are a factor of stability. His ideal society is the Ummah as envisaged by Islam.His ideal man the Prophet (peace be upon him). At a time when the East was in an extremely distressing and difficult situation, defeated and humiliated by an adversity who seemed to be all powerful while the West stood at the apex of its glory, when no one would have given a frame for the Muslims and their future – he brought out in verse/and rhyme/and prose — thus laying the foundation for the resurgence of Islam of which we are witnesses — he brought out restated fundamentals, na y essentials of Islam in a clarity which cannot be surpassed.And by doing so he restored confidence in the hearts of millions of our brethren, fortified their belief and gave them new hope for the future. A future — and that was Iqbal's most cherished vision — in which alI Muslims would form an indivisible community, united in the belief that their religion, the religion of Islam — and here I may be permitted to quote Iqbal once again — that their religion, i. e. Islam is not a departmental affair. That is neither mere thought nor mere feeling, nor mere action; that it is the expression of the whole man. May God bless his soul.

Why did the camp David summit in 2000 Collapse Essay

Why did the camp David summit in 2000 Collapse - Essay Example he favorite spot for negotiation due to its previous successes such as 1978’s Camp David Accords whereby the then United States’ President Jimmy Carter brokered a peace deal between Egypt and Israel, and 1993’s Oslo Accord on the Final Status Settlement; which provided agreement should be reached between Palestinians and Israelis on all outstanding issues primarily based on historical injustices with which the negotiations, which were for the most part verbal neither fulfilled Palestinians or Israeli interests thus the collapse of the summit (Finkelstein, 2005, pp.39-53). The two parties failed to agree over the following issues, the so-called final status settlement, and which formed the basis of negotiation: The Palestinians refugees demanded full implementation right of return which included: Each refugee to be granted the option of returning back to his/her home, with property restored and/or accept compensation. This would mean a concession by Israel which translates to demographic overwhelming of Israel since the first Arab-Israeli war led to movement of a significant number of Palestinian Arabs approximately 750000 from Israel whom by today is slightly over four million people inclusive of their descendants. Socially, Israel observed this influx could jeopardize its Jewish character and majority of the decision makers maintained that a large number of Jewish refugees were expelled from Arab countries and that they were never compensated, ruling out the demands of restoration of property and/or compensation to Palestinians by Israel, which at that point was against the will and demands of Palestinians. Economically, an international fund worth$30 billion was to be set up in a bid to help resettle the refugees in their present place of inhabitance at an expense of Israel gradually absorbing 150,000 refugees a year; a proposal which at first did not favor Israel but Palestinians in a nutshell and in the long run analysis. Israel on their side strongly

Present a paper that analyze the change in a major Research

Present a that analyze the change in a major organization(Ford,GM,Chrystler,Best Buy, Bank of America,ect.) base on the tr - Research Paper Example However, despite the wildly popular Model T, General Motors slowly but surely caught up with the Ford Motor Company by the early 1930s, and by mid 1930s it has graduated to become the world’s largest automobile company. It maintained its dominant position throughout the 1950s and 1960s. General Motor Company faced a series of dramatic changes in the economic environment in 1970s like the Oil Shock and the entry of Japanese competitors in the US market, and by 1980s it had entered the path of slow bleed. The industrial behemoth employed more than two hundred thousand employees and had manufacturing or marketing presence in more than 150 countries. It lost ground to its more nimble Japanese competitors steadily and the twin recessions of 2001 and 2009 triggered the near collapse of General Motors. The recession of 2009 was the final trigger and GM finally filed for bankruptcy protection in 2009. The urge to survive forced the GM management to take unpleasant but important decisi ons. Aided by strong government support, better economic conditions, a resolute management and an upswing in the market sentiments in the US as well as all over the world, GM was finally able to bounce back by 2010. This paper analyzes GM’s situation in 2000s - the external as well as internal challenges it faced and the changes it incorporated to survive, and subsequently, grow. General Motors in 2000s General Motors entered 2000s after a heady decade in 1990s. US automobile companies like General Motors and Ford Motor Company had experienced increased sales and record smashing profits. US customers loved and bought heavy cars and SUVs - vehicles that offered higher margins than smaller, compact and fuel efficient cars that the Japanese automobile companies manufactured. General Motors, by 2000, was a vertically integrated company with multiple brands and operations. These brands/operations operated independently, resulting in a lot of inefficiency. General Motors was also h eavily investing in technology. It was embracing Internet as a new medium of interfacing with consumers as well as vendors. It was also extensively investing on new communication technologies that would offer novel features to its customers (Nohria, Dyer, and Dalzell, 2002). Challenges faced The last decade of the century has been a tumultuous one, and has witnessed dramatic changes in economic scenarios. 1. Distance from the customer: The Gulf Wars had resulted in a never before seen situation – gas prices had shot through the roof and subsequently the cost of running the car had become more important than the cost of buying the car. While the nimble Japanese players had rightly understood that the environmentally conscious consumer wanted smaller, more efficient and easy to own cars, US automobile manufacturers, notably GM, continued investing in developing bigger and more powerful gas guzzlers. GM had clearly faulted on the most critical business basics – listening to the consumer. 2. Bureaucratic decision making process: The century old legacy, the very reason why GM had become such a superpower, was lost. Faced with the onslaught of Model T which offered no choices to consumers, General Motors fought back by offering its customers a wide range of cars to choose from. This was possible because the decision making process at General Motors was fast and quick. However, almost a century of world dominance had resulted in complacency in the company. This meant the management was slow

What is a Case Study & The Techniques In Active Reading Essay

What is a Case Study & The Techniques In Active Reading - Essay Example Historical Significance: the Case study is not a new trend. It goes back to 1829 when Frederic Le Play first introduced this methodology of testing hypotheses. However, in the current day world, the popularity of case study method is increasing day by day. This methodology is commonly used in social science subjects like sociology, psychology, and anthropology for educational evaluation. In business and legal education, these case studies are most often used as teaching methods for professional development. Furthermore, in the field of medicine, this methodology is used by physicians where they want to collect and share data or information. So, the purpose of the case study, as a research strategy, is to investigate a factor happening within its real context or we can say case study offers more thorough analysis of the situation. It is an analytical piece that involves heavy research and application of concepts, knowledge, and theories. Case studies rely on quantitative evidence, multiple sources of facts and data that further benefit in the development of theoretical proposals. When we talk about case study writing, we can see that there are three major steps including research, analysis and finally the actual writing. The research phase can be completed through libraries and internet and by interviewing people. Secondly, all the information gathered from various sources including articles, books, and people, is organized to highlight the focus of study and thoroughly analyzed. Finally, the case is written. When we talk about case studies, we can see that case study text is of prior importance in case study writing. The text is a collection of written words. Remember, a single word sounds nothing until or unless it becomes the part of a text. Text lies within a situation that offers it a unique meaning.

243 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

243 - Essay Example â€Å"The Human Resources Management (HRM) function includes a variety of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs you have and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various regulations.† 1 An individual has emotions, feelings, attitudes, hopes, aspirations and expectations. Interpersonal relations at work, physical and economic condition and ease at work determine productivity. Individual behavior is influenced by group behavior which in turn has impact on behavior of organization. â€Å"Employee Relations involves the body of work concerned with maintaining employer-employee relationships that contribute to satisfactory productivity, motivation, and morale.† 2 As the organization has to bring individuals together to achieve a common goal it needs to have certain parameters, guidelines and accepted norms to decide what and how these goals are to be achieved. For this a well defined human resource management is required in every organization. The maximum utilization of human resources is very essential to achieve organizational goals. â€Å"Employees are the most important and valuable asset of an organization.† 3 Retention strategies have to be clearly e xecuted. Employee retention will enable the organization to achieve goals. As organizations have different structures and these structures have a bearing on employee attitudes and behavior. The key components that make up an organization structure help in identifying the contingency factors that make certain structural designs preferable in varying situations. Thus a well structured organization provides a sound basis for effective planning and facilitates attainment of objectives through proper co-ordination and it promotes dignity of employment of

Life Cycle Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Veganism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Veganism - Essay Example People like puppies, so they keep them in their laps, but would often forget to put them in the shelter when it’s raining out there. People who keep donkeys to use them as a means to travel and transport luggage over the cartridges beat them with lashes to make them run faster. So many animals are treated this way including horses, donkeys, ponies, and camels. People keep the dog for their safety, but when some dog catches a disease, he is shot dead! All life long, dogs bark at the outsiders for the protection of their masters, and the masters kill them when the dogs become useless. These are all cases of direct and overt subjugation of animals’ rights. Humans have also caused great loss to animals through their environment-unfriendly activities. Thousands of species of animals have become extinct as a result of the ever-increasing global warming. Humans happen to be the fundamental cause of this rise in temperature that has spoiled the natural habitat of thousands of a nimals. An in-depth analysis of the kind of treatment humans have given to the animals suggests that humans have largely been unfair to the animals and have always suppressed them. Animals are as much part of nature as are humans and they are as much creation of God as are humans. In light of these facts, it is a moral obligation upon every human being to take care of the animals. I have decided to become a vegan. This would enable me to take objective measures to protect the animals and provide them with a healthy and safe environment to live in.

Multinational Command Relationship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multinational Command Relationship - Assignment Example All the operational aspects will be handled by the US TACON Commander. The constraints that might be difficult to coordinate within the council itself include coordinating the various military branches to act in accordance with each other against the SAPA in Ahurastan. The most likely outcome, with constraints being placed on the ability to define the C2 solution—would have to be complete deference to the TACON commander, who would be in charge of the entire operation. This is so that the operation can be run smoothly—and, possibly remotely—from a secure location whereby U.S. Special Forces can control the entire situation or at least influence it to some degree. Undoubtedly, the U.S. Special Forces will basically control the entire solution, in effect.  The United States has one of the most well-equipped and capable militaries of any superpower country—and in fact, it is the world leader in these types of military operations.   Basically, every countr y must defer to the United States because it is in control of this entire mission.   There are two advantages to this:   a) the United States has a large military arsenal from which it can draw supplies as well as recruit troops; and b) the United States can have full control over whatever is happening, thereby making this an operation which will be acted upon in the U.S.’s best foreign policy interests.   The two disadvantages to such coordination might be:   a) the fact that these countries do not want to be told what to do by the United States, i.e., it may be a power play move on the behalf of the U.S.; and b) secondly, military intervention by the U.S. could very much well look like another occupation of a foreign Asian country—like Afghanistan.   To put the second point into layman’s terms, it could also look a lot like the Shock and Awe Iraqi invasion of 2003.   The multinational command structure is designed so that all parties can refer to t he United States before they take action.

Sir Isaac Newton Essay Example for Free

Sir Isaac Newton Essay Sir Isaac Newton-one of the greatest minds in history. He was an all-around genius. He was a mathematician, a natural philosopher, an inventor, and an English physicist. Some of the phenomenal things he did include studying how light reacts to reflection, formulating laws of universal gravitation and motion, and built the first ever reflecting telescope. In 1642 Isaac Newton was born into a very poor farming family in Woolsthorpe, England. When he was very young, his grandma took over and raised him. During this time, he and his grandma lived with a man who took Newton under his wing. Newton then discovered his love for chemical operations. Even though Newton was terrible at grammar and school in general, (at his school in a nearby town) he excelled when it came to using his hands. He made sundials, model windmills, a water clock, a mechanical carriage, and flew kites with lanterns attached to their tails. At only 14, Newton’s mother had taken him out of school to continue the family farming. Since his father died before he was even born, Newton didn’t have much of a father figure to help teach him how to farm properly. Even though he was great with his hands, he was horrible at farming. The family was then persuaded to let him go to the University of Cambridge to study to become a preacher. He was accepted into Cambridge in the year of 1161. His studies included arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, astronomy, and optics. One of Newton’s professors was Isaac Barrow. The two of them clicked. Barrow could see Newton’s desire for learning. He challenged him with great passion. When Newton was 23 he had already received his bachelor’s degree. Just that year, 1665, the very deadly Bubonic Plague (Black Death) had hit. Newton was forced to leave Cambridge. He had returned back to his home town of Woolsthorpe. He stayed there for two years to do independent studies. This is what started Newton to study the things he is known for by today. In some way, the Black Death could be considered a good thing. In the sense that if it had never happened, we wouldn’t have laws of gravity. While at home he made great progress in what we call â€Å"method of fluxions† (calculus) and this was also the time when Newton observed the apple falling from the tree. Newton continued to stay in contact with Isaac Barrow. He sent some of this  work to Barrow, Barrow then made sure Newton’s work was known to several of the leading mathematicians of Britain and Europe. Once he hit age 30, year 1675, Newton suffered a mental breakdown which continued well until 1684. During this time, he was trying to prove to a man named Hooke that particles would spiral into the center of the Earth, rather than form an ellipse. Halley, a man who was also interested in orbits; finally convinced Newton to publish his work. Newton devoted 2 years to work on the project. The result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all times, ‘Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica’ (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) often shortened to Principia Mathematica .The Principia didn’t show up until late summer 1687. When writing the book Newton tried especially hard to make it very difficult to read, so people wouldn’t attack his ideas. In the early 1690’s, possibly in response to the intellectual exertion of writing the Principia, Newton suffered a period of depression. He started his work on the moon’s motions. A few years later Newton published another great book called Optics which explained the theory of light and color as well as some of his mathematic ways. In 1725, Newton moved from London to Kensington for health reasons. Two years later Newton died from health issues. Newton really changed the ways of math. If it weren’t for him, we wouldn’t have such a high math level as we do today.

The Ministry Of Foreign Affairs History Essay

The Ministry Of Foreign Affairs History Essay The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the principal agency through which the state conducts its relations with the outside world. In many countries, this important position is held by the Minister of Foreign Affairs who is considered as one of the most senior members of government, because to conduct the foreign policy of a state is, in effect, to have a determining voice in the development of the state. Diplomacy is the means by which the foreign policy of a state is delivered and for this reason the diplomat has to work hand in hand with the foreign minister towards the implementation of national policy. Alternatively, foreign policy is an ancillary to domestic policy and serves its need. The organisation of the diplomacy of a state is divided into two major parts. As a Government Department it operates through a Head Office in the capital city in charge of the basic responsibility of the conduct of foreign affairs. It is linked to a network of Missions in cities abroad and together, the Ministry and the Missions overseas are responsible for the promotion of the countrys interests abroad. Maltese diplomatic history began on the attainment of independence from the British on 21st September 1964. Prior to this date it cannot be said that Malta had a foreign policy of its own. As in almost all other areas of government, policies originated and were exercised by the colonial power and hence, the elected Maltese Government had absolutely no say, much less conceived or controlled the relations of the Island with other countries. However, this situation was not unknown to the Maltese people as such was the prevailing situation even between 1530 and 1798, since the Sovereign Military and Hospitaller Order of St John considered Malta as its Principality after obtaining the islands as a fief from Emperor Charles V. The Order maintained a structure of Ambassadors who were resident in the capital cities of various European states including the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Kingdom of Bavaria, France, the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Holy See whilst a number of European States also had their Ambassadors in Malta. These gentlemen, were in effect the equivalent of the modern Charges d Affaires and were generally called Ministers.  [1]  The administration of the Islands being completely in the hands of the Order, the Grandmaster of the day had the privilege of bestowing certain offices to the Maltese which were however rarely of an executive nature.  [2]   During the transition period between 1798 to 1800 from the departure of the Sovereign Military and Hospitaller Order of St Johns from to the end of the French occupation and the arrival of the British in Malta, there was no significant change in the participation or control of the Maltese on Maltas internal or far less foreign policy. During the British rule that extended from 1802 to 1964, the Maltese Public Service was no more than vehicle(s) by which British policy in Malta could be successfully implemented  [3]  and there were only three fields in which the Maltese government could have relations with other foreign countries: immigration, financial aid and commerce and Maltese external relations were handled exclusively by the British Governor acting on the instructions of the Colonial Office in London. As a consequence there could not be any Maltese ambassadors or consuls accredited to foreign countries. However, even before internal self-government became effective, in 1929 the British Government had agreed to the establishment of a representative Maltese Office in Australia and later in London, under the direction of a Commissioner rather than High Commissioner, on the understanding that neither post would be considered a diplomatic office. The Maltese Civil Service had over the 160 years of British Colonial rule acquired experience on the administration of domestic affairs of the island namely finance, public works, health and education  [4]  . In the period between 1958 until 1964 the higher civil service prepared the economic and administrative foundations upon which Maltese sovereignty was based.  [5]  On the 21 September 1964, for the first time in their history, the Maltese people gained the possibility of formulating and conducting their own foreign policy. Thus Maltese diplomatic history started in 1964 when Malta, as a sovereign state, became a member of the United Nations. Chapter One The Nationalist Party strove to implement a foreign policy based on three pillars as outlined in their 1962 Electoral Program and namely Maltas place within the Western bloc with a particular emphasis on the Mediterranean and the Commonwealth, the offer of services to the causes of the United Nations and that opportunities offered by the Common Market would be exploited.  [6]   On 29th September, 1964 Malta applied for membership of the United Nations and by Resolution 196 (1964) become the 114th Member State in the United Nations on 1st December 1964  [7]  in the Western European and Others Group. The first statement of Malta to the General Assembly, made by Prime Minister Dr George Borg Olivier concentrated on presenting its (Maltas) role as a bridge between Africa and Europe and analysed the implications of this matter for Malta, establishing Maltas unique role in the Mediterranean  [8]  . In this regards, it can be stated that from this very first contribution, the Maltese Government took and continued to take an active role in the proceedings of the United Nations, both in the General Assembly  [9]  and especially so when elected to the Security Council in 1983 1984. Notwithstanding Maltas status as a micro-state, its perseverance in the international fora was not to be underestimated as can be seen by the number of stands taken at the United Nations  [10]  with regards to disarmament, aid towards developing countries and peaceful settlement of disputes. But perhaps the most important issue put forward by Malta was its proposal to the United Nations on 17th August 1967, concerning the concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind to the international seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof, which eventually resulted in the International Law of the Sea.  [11]   The main objectives of the Maltese government initially were security, economic independence and political stability. For this reason even before the achievement of Independence, the Maltese government felt the need to create a distinct unit that would be responsible solely for Maltas Commonwealth and other international relations. This was not an easy task due to no infrastructure and the lack of trained personnel within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs  [12]  , more so in dealings in the diplomatic field. Bilateral relations were established immediately on Independence with Australia, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States of America and various countries sought to have their embassies accredited on the Island. Between 1964 and 1971 Malta forged diplomatic relations with countries across the globe  [13]  and its foreign policy firmly embedded it in the western hemisphere as a matter of course  [14]  . Chapter Two In June 1963, the Maltese Government issued an internal call for applications for the recruitment from within the Civil Service, of Officers willing and competent to participate in the representation of Malta abroad.  [15]  The aim was to create a small, compact, highly efficient corps of diplomats who could represent and promote effectively Maltas political and commercial interests abroad. A total of eighty Officers whose grade varied from Under-Secretary to Executive Officer applied. Immediately on Independence, the Nationalist Administration took the first steps towards the creation of a Foreign Service and hence the establishment of a new Ministry falling under the responsibility of the Prime Minister  [16]  with responsibility for Commonwealth and Foreign Relations was created. Fredrick Amato Gauci, who was a graduate civil servant having previously served as Director of Emigration, Labour and Social Service and who had also been decorated for his service as Major in the RMA during World War II  [17]  . He was appointed Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs and entrusted with the task of putting into place the structure necessary for operations. In order to gain first-hand experience on the structure of a Foreign Ministry, Amato Gauci, was sent to London to study the operational system of the British Foreign Ministry. Mr Amato Gauci concentrated on building the structure of the new Ministry on two binaries and his top priority was the identification of the necessary human resources to put the newly created service in a position to implement the administrations policy. The organisation of the Head Office was divided into three sectors and consisted primarily of three distinct Divisions, namely the Political, Administration and Protocol and Missions abroad.  [18]  His second and equally important task was the identification of adequate premises located in a central and prestigious position which could accommodate visits by foreign dignitaries and also Maltese officers working in the Ministry. Adequate premises in a central position but in the proximity of the Office of the Prime Minister at Auberge d Aragon needed to be identified and the choice ultimately fell on St Georges Chancery, a prestigious location in Palace Square at the centre of Valletta. With much of the necessary groundwork accomplished, the formal establishment of the External Affairs Service of the Government of Malta was done through a call for applications for Envoy  [19]  . Amongst the qualities required were, experience in executive or administrative capacity in business or Government service, knowledge of languages and experience gained in travel and work abroad. The grade of Envoy was on the par of the Commonwealth and Foreign Affairs Secretary. A total of seventeen applications were received but the only candidate considered to possess all requisites was Mr Philip Pullicino MBE, who had made a successful career in the United Kingdom Overseas Civil Service. Ambassadors were appointed not merely for their political allegiance but in certain posts depending on their competence.  [20]   The call for the recruitment of the Officers in the Grades of Counsellor, First Secretary and Second Secretary was published in March 1965.  [21]  Individuals who satisfied any of the following basic requirements could answer the said call for applications: possession of a degree in law, science, arts, commerce, economics or accountancy; Officers of the executive or administrative grades with five years service; or Regular or ex-Regular officers of the Armed Forces of Malta. Age limits were set. All Candidates had to have attained their 26th birthday on application however candidates appointed to the grade of Counsellor could not be above fifty years of age, a First Secretary could not be above forty-five years of age whilst a Second Secretary could not be above thirty-five years of age. A fundamental requirement in the call for applications was that successful candidates would be required to sign an undertaking to serve abroad at any time and also that they would be required to undergo courses of training in Malta and abroad. A total of 53 applications were received however only 6 candidates were successful in the selection process with the appointment of two Counsellors, two appointments as First Secretary (the third candidate having declined the appointment) and no appointment as Second Secretary as the only successful candidate subsequently declined the offer of this post. The successful candidates were nominated to follow courses in diplomatic studies at prestigious educational institutions and specifically the Carnegie Endowment Institute in New York, Oxford University and the Universita degli Studi, Rome. Further training in the form of attachment to British Embassies was also envisaged.  [22]   When compared to Officers in the General Service, the grade of Counsellor was comparable to that of Assistant Secretary, ( £1,110-50-  £1,250)  [23]  , the grade of First Secretary to Administrative Officer ( £860-40- £1060) whilst a Second Secretary was comparable to a Higher Executive Officer ( £705-30- £810). The subsequent recruitment effected in 1966  [24]  was only for posts of First Secretary and Second Secretary and for the first time was open to female candidates, who would however receive three-fourths of salary rates in Malta  [25]  but would be entitled to receive the same allowances as their male counterparts whilst serving abroad. Applicants could not be over 50 years of age whilst the minimum age requirement was not amended and kept at 26 years, as in the first call of the previous year. The need to widen the areas of expertise of applicants was felt and applicants with executive, administrative or journalistic experience were also invited to apply. Whilst twenty seven applications were received, only one first Secretary and four Second Secretaries, including the first female diplomat in the Maltese External Service were appointed  [26]  . Further recruitment exercises which were carried out in 1967  [27]  and 1968  [28]  for both First Secretaries and Seco nd Secretaries resulted in the appointment of only six Second Secretaries from a total of eighteen applicants, whilst in 1968 when the call for applications was restricted only to the recruitment in the grade of Second Secretary, three Second Secretaries were appointed from a total of twelve applicants. While all these organisational activities were going on at home, adequate premises in the various capitals were being selected to house the Chanceries and official Residences. In most instances the properties were leased; however official premises were eventually purchased in New York and Washington in 1968  [29]  and Brussels and Libya in 1969.  [30]   With the Maltese Diplomatic Corps still in its infancy, the diplomats posted overseas faced difficulties in conditions of employment. These difficulties regarded post classification allowances, rent or adequate lodging for officers below the rank of Ambassador and especially the provision of medical treatment abroad for the individual officers and the members of their families accompanying them on their posting overseas. The Pay and Allowance Regulations  [31]  , which became effective 1st October 1966, and which were supplementary to Estacode  [32]  and the Administrative Instructions  [33]  formed the basis for the calculation of allowances which Officers in the External Service were entitled to during their posting overseas. Amongst the conditions stipulated one could find the rates of various allowance depending on the grade and country of posting of the Officer in respect of Expatriation, Wife and Child, Entertainment, Domestic Service, Medical Insurance and Rent. Ho wever Medical expenses proved to be a bone of contention for many officers when faced with exorbitant medical cost not covered by the Medical Insurance. This situation was solved when Mr Amato Gaucis successor, Mr Joseph Rossignaud obtained approval from the Ministry of Finance for reimbursement of ninety per cent of medical and dental costs incurred by officers serving overseas.  [34]   During the headship of Mr Amato Gauci, the Ministry, for the first time compiled the Administrative Instructions.  [35]  The Instructions constituted a compendium of operating instructions to be consulted by Diplomatic Staff on a range of subjects ranging from diplomatic practise, administrative and financial procedure. These Instructions are still available today and remain actual as regards the diplomatic and consular practice. Over the years, various attempts were made to update these Instructions so that they could effectively help diplomatic officers to respond to the ever-increasing exigencies of modern diplomatic and consular functions. The administrative and financial procedures employed at the Ministry continue to be those established by the Public Service Management Code and the Financial Regulations, in force throughout the whole public administration as updated from time to time. In a matter of a few years the Ministry of Commonwealth and Foreign Affairs had established its identity as a leader in the implementation of policy and on the change in administration in the 1970s, notwithstanding its relatively small staff complement, was an active actor in the Maltese political arena. Chapter Three The Labour Party (MLP) won the general elections in June 1971 and immediately strove to execute the far reaching changes which had been advocated on while in opposition. Dom Mintoff as Prime Minister, who like his predecessor assumed the responsibility of the Foreign Ministry, had a new, wider vision of Maltas place in the world.  [36]  The main aspects of the Labour Governments foreign policy, even in its second and third terms, were influenced by Maltas domestic policy whereby the islands strategic position were exploited into attracting investment and trade activity, securing financial aid  [37]  and creating economic activity. Furthermore, the creation of a Mediterranean awareness in the spirit of cooperation for peace and progress leading to the withdrawal of foreign fleets  [38]  from the Mediterranean and the vision of a neutral Malta  [39]  was advocated. A further move by the Labour administration to break with the past was the proclamation of the Republic of Malta on 13 December 1974.  [40]   In the United Nations, Malta started to disassociate itself from the Western European ad Other Group and sought closer links with the Group of 77 and the Non-Aligned Movement through membership in both groups. Mintoffs intransigency on the conviction for a demilitarized Mediterranean free from superpower influence  [41]  momentarily disrupted the 1975 Helsinki Conference on European Security and Cooperation. The Maltese Government had hoped to have four security guarantors, two from either bank of the Mediterranean, however the only Protocol for financial, economic and technical assistance was agreed to with Italy in 1980. This Protocol implicitly roped back Malta into the western hemisphere. Major changes were taking place in the Ministry, where a changing of the guard at the Headship had taken place with the appointment of Mr J. Rossignaud, a senior civil servant, to the post of Secretary. Due to the increase in personnel  [42]  , the need to identify appropriate premises became a priority. Palazzo Parisio which contains architectural style and rich features necessary to do credit to the Ministry of Foreign was chosen  [43]  and the move took place in October 1973. The Recruitment into the External Affairs Service was discontinued due to the lack of response  [44]  and in concurrence with the Governments policy to achieve greater flexibility in the Public Service by curtailing the variegation of grades. The Foreign Service Grades were subsequently absorbed into the General Service as of 1 February 1974.  [45]  Under this reorganisation, former Foreign Service officers were still liable to serve abroad according to the exigencies of the Service whilst General Service officers in the grades ranging from Clerk I to Head I, were required to undertake to serve the Ministry as and where required for a pre-determined period. As a consequence, a call for applications for Posting to Overseas Missions was issued on 17 August 1976, thereby completing the implementation of this re-organisation.  [46]  The recruitment of Diplomatic Officers at a later date supplemented the arrival of new blood in the Ministry. The prominence given to foreign policy-making by the Labour administration was further enhanced when, during the third legislation, the Prime Minister chose to appoint Dr Alex Sciberras Trigona as Foreign Minister.  [47]   The policies adopted between 1971 and 1987 were a radical recasting of the security cum economic arrangements that been moulded in Maltas colonial history.  [48]  Diplomacy, as a government activity then refers to not only a particular policy instrument but also the whole process of policymaking and implementation. Further Maltese representations were established in European capitals  [49]  in an effort to actuate the foreign policies of the day thereby obtaining valuable assistance for the actuation of domestic policies whilst also accentuating Maltas importance on the international scene. The extent of the islands diplomatic presence extended to the Gulf (Riyadh), Maghreb (Algiers), East Asia (Pyongyang), Middle East (Baghdad) and Eastern Europe (Moscow). During this same period, notwithstanding limited human and economic resources as recruitment into civil service had been temporarily interrupted, and also inadequate telecommunication infrastructure, the Foreign Ministry was instrumental in hosting a continuous stream of high-level foreign delegations with the conclusion of a substantial number of bilateral agreements resulting in beneficial assistance to Malta. No Secretary in place in 1987 Chapter Four The chief thrust of the foreign policy of the new Nationalist government on its return to power in May 1987 was a realignment with Europe  [50]  and the attainment of full membership of the then European Community.  [51]  The neutrality clause however, threatened to prove an obstacle in view of the Communitys objective of fuller integration even on a political level, as signalled in the Single European Act.  [52]  Nonetheless, when the Commission of the European Union issued its Opinion or Avis on Maltas application  [53]  and an Update Report in 1999  [54]  , it did suggest that a constitutional amendment might be necessary to clear the legal difficulties that neutrality might constitute, where Malta was to be admitted as a full member. The new administration also adopted a shift in voting patterns in the United Nations and detachment from NAM and the Group of 77. Dr Vincent (Censu) Tabone, assumed responsibility for the Foreign Ministry and endeavoured to undertake a complete re-organisation of the Ministry and its policies. The application for membership in the EU necessitated the establishment of the EU Directorate within the MFA  [55]  in 1990, which was entrusted with the task of reviewing the compatibility or otherwise of Maltese legislation with European law  [56]  and keeping government organisations informed of developments within the EU by offering advice and assistance. This necessitated the recruitment of professional officers (namely economists and lawyers) under the directorship of Dr Joe Borg.  [57]   Reform of the public service to transform the bureaucracy, improve governance and accountability was a priority for the Maltese Government and following the publication of the PSRC Report  [58]  , and specifically that Public Service responds efficiently to the changing needs for effective government  [59]   and the Operations Review of the structures and administrative facilities of government, major restructuring of the public service was initiated. The classification structure of the Public Service, which in 1990 had some 100 different salary scales, was replaced by a more simplified structure of just 20 scales and newly established professions and occupational groups gained status. A main objective of the Public Service Reform was the reorganisation of departments service-wide to avoid duplication of work and the Foreign Ministry, like all other governmental departments, underwent a major reform in its organisational set-up with the establishment of a Legal Affairs Sectio n, Protocol Section and the re-introduction of a Library  [60]  . The Passport Office which had since 1964 formed an integral part of the Foreign Ministry  [61]  was transferred to the MHASD in 1992. Further human resources were necessary in the light of the opening of strategically selected new missions in Beijing, Cairo, Tunis, Athens and Madrid.  [62]  But for foreign policy to be implemented efficiently and cost-effectively necessitated the re-establishing of an ad hoc diplomatic corps  [63]  , whereby the Ministry would have the service of a professional and specialised body of officials,  [64]  who will be required to fill all vacancies in overseas posts at the various grades from First Secretary to Ambassadorial level.  [65]  In 1992 approval was finally forthcoming from the PSC for recruitment of First Secretaries into the diplomatic service through public examination  

Are You a Rebel? Or are You Just another Sheep following the Non-confor

Are You a Rebel? Or are You Just another Sheep following the Non-conformity Flock? â€Å"It's like living on the outside of society and seeing what a crock of shit it is, but then approaching it again with a sense of humor. I mean, when you're able to see society as this sort of funky, funny illusion, it makes it easier to deal with it because there is no rhyme or reason to the way it works.† RuPaul, on fringe culture (Genre, March '99) Rebellion. *It's about articulating that little inner voice that's in all of us, the voice which resists being assimilated into the mass conformity that is American society. The quality of our interaction has diminished so much that we barely recognize each other as human. The â€Å"American way of life† has destroyed our individuality while pretending to cater to it, and the natural interdependence of society has been compromised by the shrieks of mass media and the cubicle farms they call workplaces. We are all gearing up for some heavy shit, all around the world. The yuppies are putting together their silly stock option plans, the Pakistanis are aching for jihad against India, the major labels are trying harder than ever to saturate our culture with Limp Bizkit bullshit and kill Napster while they're at it. To me, it fits together like a puzzle. It's all related. This is more than a complaint about social differences. It's about human nature. Stick around; I think I can pro ve this. The hippie and freak hordes would have us believe than they are the sole bastions of non-conformity and acceptance left in America. They are not. I really dislike stories like Hans Christian Anderson's The Ugly Duckling. Not all ugly ducklings turn into swans. Some of us turn into ugly ducks. We need to learn to accept it, and to find that being an ugly duck isn't really necessarily all that bad, because going with the flock isn't always the best or most satisfying way to go, even if it does seem like the easiest. I was never one who "fit in" with my peers. From the day I began school at the age of five, it was obvious that I was somehow different from the rest of them. Since I was hyperactive, kind of shy, and too intellectual to be popular, I rarely had many friends, and at times found myself a subject of ridicule, mocking, and outright abuse. My first ploy, which lasted for a number of years, was to attempt to conform. This was very muc... ...tandards, but these standards were made by conformity. The union itself is some form of rebellion. By being apart of that group, he conformed to the â€Å"rebel’s† standards. A cultural movement is a cultural movement; be it hippie, skater punk, raver trash or otherwise. Nobody wants the whole world to live in peace as one big happy family. It's contrary to instinct. We all want to be the bottisavatta in the flowing robes who dictates the gospel to the rest of the world. And that's not the way things work. This world has winners and losers, geeks and popular kids. Junior high repeats itself until you are dead. So what's a rebel to do? I don't know. Try reading. Jack Kerouac is not still a best selling author because of his cool Gap khakis. A nation of people didn't follow Lenin into almost 80 years of collectivist silliness because of his natty goatee and adorable accent. Or try remembering these simple rules: 1.)  Rebellion is free. 2.) Rebellion does not come in six different colors. 3.) Rebellion does not have a soundtrack and a movie deal in the works. 4.) Rebellion is not found in a piercing store, tattoo parlor, drug store, hash pipe or a Quentin Tarrantino movie.

Utopia :: essays research papers

Education, Science, Philosophy Summary Though, as has been mentioned earlier, only certain accomplished people are allowed to give up manual labor for intellectual studies, every Utopian child receives a thorough education. The Utopians believe that it is through education that the values and dispositions of citizens are molded. The success of the Utopian educational system is evident in the fact that while most Utopians are engaged in manual labor as a career, in their free time Utopians choose to follow intellectual pursuits. Utopians conduct all of their studies in their native language. In science the Utopians are rational and accomplished. They have the same general level of understanding as Europeans in the fields of music, logic, arithmetic, and geometry. They are adept at astronomy and no one believes in astrology. They are able to predict changes in weather, though, like the Europeans, the underlying causes of these changes remain at the moment beyond their grasp. In philosophy, the Utopians are uninterested in the abstract suppositions that are the rage in Europe and which Hythloday finds empty. The foremost topic of Utopian philosophy is the nature of happiness, and the relation of happiness to pleasure. In such matters they ground their reason in religion, believing reason alone is ill equipped to handle such an investigation. Utopians believe the soul is immortal and that there exists an afterlife in which the deeds of life are rewarded or punished. They further believe that if people were skeptical of an afterlife, all intelligent people would pursue physical pleasure and ignore all higher moral laws. Belief in an afterlife means that pleasure exists only in acts of virtue, because it is these acts that will ultimately be rewarded. Utopians make a distinction between true and counterfeit pleasure. True pleasure involves any movement of body or mind in which a person takes a natural delight, such as reflecting on true knowledge, eating well, or exercising. Counterfeit pleasures are those sensations that are not naturally delightful, but that distorted desires have tricked people into believing they pleasurable.

Topology Essay -- Mathematics Essays Mathematical Math

Topology Mathematics is a field so vast and diverse that it is impossible to be an expert in all areas. It is also a field that is constantly evolving and branching outward. The field of topology is one of the newest intensively studied branches of mathematics. â€Å"A simple way to describe topology is as rubber sheet geometry† [2]. â€Å"Topology is an offshoot of geometry that originated during the 19th century and that studies those properties an object retains under deformation - specifically, bending, stretching and squeezing, but not breaking or tearing† [1]. Under these conditions, one could say that a square is topologically equivalent to a circle because a square can be bent and stretched into a circle [3]. However, a square is not topologically equivalent to a torus because a torus cannot be formed unless a hole is bored through the medium, or two pieces are joined together. Topologists obviously have expanded upon these simple concepts over time to create theo rems further removed from our ordinary experiences. Some of these shapes and objects exist in four dimensional space or higher dimensions and cannot exist in our world. Theoretically these shapes would be as commonplace as a tree or rock in a higher dimensional universe. However, in our universe topologists turn to mathematics to understand these shapes [6]. The first mathematical problem, which led to the origins of topology, was the Konigsberg bridges problem. The people of Konigsberg wondered if they could walk around the city in a way that they would also cross every bridge exactly once. The city map looked something like this [2]: Euler determined that it was indeed impossible to accomplish this feat. He rationalized this problem... ...nal space. Works Cited [1] http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/2/0,5716,115452+1,00.html Encyclopedia Britannica: Topology. Accessed December 6, 1999. [2] http://www.forum.swarthmore.edu/~isaac/problems/bridges1.html The Beginnings of Topology. Accessed December 6, 1999. [3] http://www.geom.umn.edu/docs/doyle/mpls/handouts/node13.html Topology. Accessed December 6, 1999. [4] http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/topology_in_mathematics.html Topology Enters Mathematics. Accessed December 6, 1999. [5] http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Klein.html Felix Christian Klein. Accessed December 7, 1999. [6] http://www.pepperdine.edu/seaver/natsci/faculty/kiga/topology.htm What is Topology. Accessed December 7, 1999. [7] Yaglom, I. M. Felix Klein and Sophus Lie. Birkhauser, Boston. 1988.

The Rise of Hitler

The Nazi party first started after WWI when a group of unemployed German men. They were known as â€Å"The German Workers Party (GWP). † Adolf Hitler joined the group in 1919 and quick rose to a high ranking leader. His rise to the top of the GWP was due to his powerful speeches. Despite the ability of his speaking he often used it to promote national pride, militarism, and a racially â€Å"pure† Germany. After Hitler’s rise to leadership he changed the name to â€Å"The National Socialist German Workers’ which was referred to as â€Å"The Nazi Party†.Hitler tried to overthrow the government with the Nazi Party, but had no success. This leads up to his election as chancellor of Germany. While incarcerated, Hitler wrote a book called Mein Kampf, which established a foundation for the beliefs of the Nazi party. After its publication, Hitler could truly grow an army of supporters. According to the narrator’s of â€Å"World at War† After Hitler’s release he quickly pursued a political campaign for chancellor.This provided him with a chance to persuade more of the German public that they needed to condemn all Jews. He brought food and water to the poor, which help with the growth of The Nazi party and his supporters. According the text in â€Å"A Teachers Guide to The Holocaust† Hitler also began create subgroups for specific Germans such as, children, women, doctor’s, etc. Hitler’s attempt was also short lived because they lost the election.Years later after gaining more supports the Nazi Party prevailed and took over Germany due to Hindenburg’s new Government. This allowed Hitler to carry out his plan to rid the world of all Jewish people. In 1938 Germany started to ban Jews from most places. In 1942 the Germans decided it was time to take action start with their plan called â€Å"the final solution† which leads to the founding of concentration camps and the holocaust. The Germans quickly formed alliances with Italy, USSR, and Japan.Despite the alliance Japan created more problems for the Nazi party by attacking America without a declaration of war. After the attacks on Pearl Harbor America had officially joined the war against the Germans in WW2. America’s involvement created the Unfortunately Hitler’s ambition drove him to commit treason against Russia, which was Germany’s biggest ally at the time. Despite the Germany advantage of surprise they could not defeat the Soviets. America capitalized on Germany’s mistake by forming a brief alliance with Russia.

Debate between booker T and dubois Essay

The debate between Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Dubois turned out to be one of the greatest intellectual as well as inspiring battles in our United States history. This great debate sparked the interest of African Americans and whites throughout the entire country. Both men had distinct views on how blacks should go about progressing politically, socially, as well as financially here in the United States. Both Du Bois and Washington wanted African-Americans to have the same rights as white Americans; But Du Bois encouraged African-Americans to demand equal rights, while Washington, on the other hand, often ignored discrimination. He believed that it was important for blacks to develop good relationships with whites because He was afraid that blacks who demanded equal rights would create bitterness between themselves and white Americans. Dubois ridiculed Mr. Washington’s tactics believing Washington’s accommodations program asked blacks to give up political power, insistence on civil rights, and higher education for Negro youth. Although Bois was ridiculed by these tactics he still respected him he says â€Å"Among his own people, however, Mr. Washington has encountered the strongest and most lasting opposition, amounting at times to bitterness, and even today continuing strong and insistent even though largely silenced in outward expression by the public opinion of the nation. Some of this opposition is, of course, mere envy; the disappointment of displaced demagogues and the spite of narrow minds† (W. E. B Dubois 3) While their strategy may have differed, both of these remarkable men had a common goal in the uplift of the black community. Born into slavery on April 5, 1856 Booker T. Washington would become an educator, author, and before his passing one of the most influential leaders during his time. Mr. Washington views for social, economic and political growth differed immensely from his counterpart w. e. b Dubois. Unlike Washington web Dubois grew up free in a community that was relatively tenant and integrated, he would become the first African American to graduate with a doctorate from Harvard University. Booker did not believe having equal rights was a necessity evident by the Atlanta compromise speech Washington says â€Å"In all things purely social we can be as separate as the five fingers, and yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. † (Washington). Booker T. Washington main focus was on having education for real life jobs that he believed would eventually turn African Americans in an economic powerhouse or at least dig themselves out of the financial whole they were already in. He believed by working hard and playing second fiddle to the white man would ultimately give black America the equal rights and respect that they always wanted. WEB Dubois focused on the exact opposite things that of Booker T. Washington. Unlike Washington, Dubois felt that inequality with whites was one of the utmost importance issues facing black America. Dubois demanded for all black citizens to have the right to vote, civic equality, and give our young blacks the right to a proper education. Dubois firmly believed that persistent agitation, political action, and academic education would be the means to achieve full citizenship rights for black Americans. His educational philosophy directly influenced his political approach. He stressed the need for liberal arts training because he believed that in order for blacks to obtain leadership skills was through education at a college. One of the biggest disagreements in philosophies between the two men was over the issue of black suffrage. In terms of voting, Dubois believed that agitating for the ballot was necessary, but opposed giving the vote to the uneducated blacks. He believed that economic gains were not secure unless there was political power to safeguard them. Washington, on the other hand, felt that the right to vote was not a necessity and the only thing that would come out of protesting for voting rights is the irritation of whites. In conclusion, the debate between W. E. B Dubois and Washington was nothing short of remarkable and genius. Although both men had two separate ways about doing things they both shared the same common goal, which was bettering the lives of African Americans. In my opinion, W. E.  B Dubois plan to go strongly for African American rights and equality was the better strategy. Not only did he help bring us together but he gave blacks a sense of self confidence that they didn’t possess before. For once blacks believed not only can you be as good as the white man but better. While some may agree that Mr. Washington’s plan to endure the second citizenship title was only degrading and keeping the black man down. Although Washington had honorable goals Dubois gave the people a strong sense of empowerment and worthiness that has helped the black race grows into what it is today.

Classifications of Restaurants

Restaurant Classification Restaurants are found throughout the United States as well as other countries. Restaurants are found in many different places such as street corners in mobile businesses, buffets found in mid-sized towns and cities, as well as upscale restaurants that are most always found in larger and more populated areas. All of these places serve one purpose in common; to aide to the desired food cravings of countless people. A person might say that there are no noticeable differences of each type of restaurant, but hidden beneath their common goals are various differences that set each apart. Mobile food businesses have become very popular in middle class areas and serve people of all kinds. Although the food may seem delicious, mobile food businesses such as taco wagons spend their time constantly traveling to different places for business. Their trucks can be unclean as it is a hassle to clean out a truck of grease and fallen food. Most people cannot see the inside of a taco truck because they are too high off the ground to see and each wagon has windows that are hard to see inside of. As a result, many people do not see the harm or realize these things and therefore do not care. There is also an inconvenience to customers as there is no formal seating are for dining, and if there is, it is found outdoors. Many people do not want to spend their time eating next to a busy street where everyone passing by can see them, while others may like to simply enjoy the outdoors. Mobile food businesses like these also have very few workers which may lead to food that is delayed in delivery. People that come to food trucks like their food to be delivered in a fast and timely manner so they can get to wherever they are going on time instead of having to wait in a line for their food to be done cooking. Aside from its downsides, there are also positives about mobile food businesses. If there were not any, they would not be in business and be as popular as they are. Many people chose these types of businesses because they are a cheap alternative to fast food places such as McDonald’s. Given the choice of a two pound burrito or a small burger and fries for the same price, most people would choose the burrito. Places such as taco wagons and others provide people with authentic food that may or may not be a part of their culture. Some of these places use ingredients that they would use in their own part of the world. This provides customers with a variety and a little taste of home. Being able to live in a place that provides anyone with a taste of home will bring good money, especially when a town’s population has a lot of diversity. A second type of restaurant that is found in many towns and cities is buffets. Some people see buffets as unsanitary places because of the fact that the food is left out in the open for others to touch or spread more germs. When someone is eating they do not want to think of themselves as in taking germs with every bite that they take, but rather eating food that is delicious and safe to eat. Buffets may also have long lines of people. Because there is no limited amount of food a person can get, hungry people come to these restaurants and go through lines multiple times to get numerous amounts of food. These types of restaurants could play a role in the obesity rate of families today and future families to come. Although eating a lot of food sounds amazing, it is unhealthy and bad for the body. The food that is sold in buffets made seem homemade, and not like a fast food restaurant, but that does not mean that it is healthy and good for the body. Eating mass amounts of food like this can lead to damage to the body over a long period of time. In the worst case scenario, it could lead to more than just obesity. People choose buffets because of their low flat rates. Seizing the opportunity to engulf unlimited amounts of entrees and desserts for about ten dollars is the best deal in the food industry. No other food place can beat a buffet’s deal. Buffets must know this because they would not be in business if they did not. Along with their low costs, buffets are very convenient to their customers. Buffets allow their customers to choose any kind of food they choose to consume, compared to other restaurants that have you choose a certain group of things. The cost from other restaurants includes only the entree. Anything else that someone wishes to choose would be an additional charge to the customer. With a buffet, the cost that it takes to eat there includes the beverage, entree, and dessert. People can mix and match their favorite foods until they are fully satisfied with their meal. The third type of restaurant is the upscale restaurants. These types of restaurants are found mainly in big cities where they can charge people hundreds of dollars for their meals. The meals may be smaller in size, but superior in quality. These places have a fancy and elegant feel to them. Their customers wear formal clothing and eat their meals by candlelight. The food is made of better quality ingredients so it is not unusual for food to take much longer to be prepared and finally arrive at the customers table. Most of the upscale restaurants are not family welcoming. Children of young ages are frowned upon as to not disturb the dining experiences of others. Children seem to not sit still and be noisy. They are also very messy. In high class restaurants it is not usual to see a child, although it is not a standalone rule, it is just a rule that is thought to be in place. These restaurants are more sophisticated and seem as though only a certain type of financially able people should dine there. It is unlikely that a person with little or no money would pay a hundred dollars for a steak and a potato. A person of wealth, on the other hand, would pay a large quantity of money for a simple, yet elegant meal. Although upscale restaurants may have standards, these restaurants have very friendly and inviting staff. It is only an expectation that if customers are willing to pay top dollar for their food, then they shall receive top dollar service. Waiters are usually always there to make sure that your glass is always full and you are happy with how your meal turned out. Along with their friendly and inviting service, most of these restaurants serve only the best and the freshest food available. These items are made fresh right when ordered as opposed to fast food restaurant’s food which is premade and heated to serve to customers. The food that is prepared at upscale restaurants is made to please its customers in the best way possible. Anyone can count on reliable food, service, and cleanliness from upscale restaurants. The goods must outweigh the bad in every area for this type of restaurant to still be popular and serving people to this day. Americans all over the world enjoy different types of restaurants. Mobile food businesses, buffets, and upscale restaurants mark just a few classifications of the restaurant businesses that are found throughout the country. Even with the obvious differences that they possess, the share one common goal; to serve the people who desire and yearn for their food. Although these places may leave drawbacks, they each possess a certain advantage that draws customers back time and time again.

Narratives of Adolescence Explored Through the Harry Potter

Ergo, when had decided to examine the movies, two movies in particular came to mind – Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Cabana (2004) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part One (2010). My Hypothesis is that as the movies progress, or rather, as Harry Potter (the main character) grows up, his surrounding social relationships mature him as well. They shape his personality and consequently, shape the turn of events yet to come. And I would like to explore how they Influence him and why.The movie relates to the topic of the course, as it focuses on narratives of adolescence in European cinema. It takes place In a far off dimension in the United Kingdom, contains a unique combination of basic teen everyday dilemmas, social relationship matters, mental maturity conversion, and various turning points heehawed by a super natural kick. I plan to explore different influences within Harry life – his parents and parent-like role models, his friends, romantic relationships an d rival enemies – to see how those relationships attributed to his maturing.Consequently, the point of focusing on society will result In a comparison of his decisions, which were much associated with protecting his kind and ensuring peace to the generations after him. The matter of taking responsibility for not only oneself, but also others, is very much relevant to the pressure many teens are feeling across the globe today. As the course focuses on gaining content and source for the corning of age subject through films, discussion and analysis of the Harry Potter movies will aim at gaining a general understanding of trauma and its depiction.Therefore, distinguishing between the personal and the social levels will emphasize these findings. In order to fully comprehend the concluding outcome of Harry Potter's development, the basic plot shall be briefed: Harry Potter was born to a wizard and a witch, Lilly (a mugged – has no wizardly blood) and James (pure-blood) Potte r, during the First Hazarding war. HIS parents were members of the order of the Phoenix – an organization led by Albums Tumbledown, purposed to defeat the dark lord, Voltmeter, and his enforcers, the Death Eaters.Voltmeter, hearing the prophecy of Hardy's future causing his defeat, murders Lilly and James with the killing spell. However, his attempt to kill baby Harry fails, as Lilly's love and protection causes the spell to bounce off Harry, leaving him with a lightening-shaped scar on his forehead. The scar 1 OFF Now orphaned Harry is adopted by his aunt and uncle (muscles), who mistreat him and neglect his needs. By locking Harry in his small, dusty under-staircase room and polling their only child right in front of his eyes, Harry develops a dealing mechanism of settled life.He is not aware of his rich wizardly history, or of his magical potential. When Haggard, a half-giant wizard gamekeeper from Hogwash's School of Witchcraft and Wizardry appeared with the school's lett er of acceptance addressed to Harry, an immensely influential turning point had taken over Hardy's life. No longer was he feeling out of place or unneeded – he had finally felt he had belonged somewhere. These feelings encouraged Hardy's sense of purpose in life, especially as he quickly bonded with two other students at Hogwash's – HeroineGranger and Ron Wesley. As fate would have it, Harry and his two new friends were all sorted into the same house – Gratifying. The individual who has not befriended Harry, and mocked the name preceding him was Dorado Malady, and he was sent into the Slithering house. Many relationships have influenced Harry Potter and shaped his unique characteristic individuality. This enabled a reoccurring plot twist of the constellation of his personal relations (family, intergenerational relations, peer groups- friendly allies and notorious enemies, etc. . With time, Harry is exposed to various situations here he is put under a magnifying glass for his choice of actions, although always well intended. It is almost as if he is pressured into maturing all too fast, as from the point of attending Hogwash's Harry deals with constant life threats on his own. Help from his friends and some handpicked school staff is provided, and although much is being done in order to make Harry feel safe and home, it is quite clear that much is being put at stake on the young adolescent's shivering shoulders.In the first movie to be discussed – the Prisoner of Cabana – Harry is in his early adolescence stage, as he is thirteen years-old. His cinematic narrative and inherent conflicts represent a less romantic and more individual growth, as it has mostly to do with family descendents reaching out to him and unveiling the truth behind his parents and their cause of death. However, in the second movie I wish to refer to – the Deathly Hallows, Part One – Harry is eighteen years-old, meaning he is in his late adole scence stage, Just approaching the emerging adulthood stage.This movie puts the spotlight on the threesome's friendship (Harry, Ron and Heroine), as they set out on a mission to find and destroy all of the Hercules, as they are the key to Voltmeter's immortality. Adult presence is not felt particularly within this movie, as there is no guidance or protection from their professors, families or others. The threesome rely on each other, however, this turns out to be a difficult task, as the Dark Forces use black magic and mind games to make the three turn on each other.Overall, the learning process the film offers is a distinguished moral outline of adolescents' development, demonstrated by social relations and interactions. The protagonist – Harry Potter – faces many obstacles in the righteous path of discovering and tears. His character evolves from a clueless, naive and stray form, to a mature, responsible, identity confident state. In this essay I plan on using a vari ety of research materials – the official Harry Potter books and movies, websites, fan pages and open-floor forums.The reason I have decided to use many forms of median resources is because not only am I interested in my interpretation of the character development, but I would also like to review other opinions. Shall my hypothesis be refuted, conclusive evidence must be provided as to what has influenced Harry Potter to fulfill his prophecy – become the error and savior of an entire magical kingdom. Part II: 1. Exposition (central conflict of narration). Which are the antagonistic elements of the film? 2. Intensification of the conflict (Show scenes and explain them) 3.Show development of main characters. What do they learn? How is it expressed in their action? Which fields of adolescence are addressed? 4. Turning points of story (Periphery) 5. Resolution of the conflict? Message of the story (cognitive level) 6. Which feelings/ emotions are conveyed by the film? What was the strongest emotional impression for you? How did it relate to the plot or to certain aesthetically elements of it like music, pictures. Can you describe it as an experience? / (Flabbergasting II) 7.Assessment: How could the filmed be used for educational purposes? What can be learned or experienced? Make a short statement. Work (education, profession, socio-economical situation) Cultural Belief System (Ideology, political and historical Identity) Part Ill: Scientific articles Find at least one scientific article which relates to your subject. It is favorable to use also an article that provides insights to the film, director, genre etc. Give the main arguments of the texts and try to draw a line to the message / (Flabbergasting) of the movie.

Lowe's Financial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lowe's Financial Analysis - Essay Example A horizontal analysis, according to Accounting Management allows the analysts to look at the factors that cause the changes in the operation. Accounting Coach describes vertical analysis as a method of examining accounts as a percentage of another item and will be shown as a common-size balance sheet. This kind of analysis permits me to compare Lowe’s balance sheet to another company. Thus, analysis of the balance sheet of Lowe Company is stated as a percentage of total asset. (See Annex 6) In the financial statement, vertical analysis of Lowe Company (See Annex 7) will be presented as a percentage of sales, and allows me to compare it with competition and industry average. 3. Calculation of at least five significant liquidity ratios for each of the five years analyzed. The five liquidity ratios used for analysis in Lowe are the current ratio, quick ratio, debt/equity ratio, accounts payable to sales and inventory turnover (See Annex 1 for calculations) 4 .Calculation of at least five significant profitability ratios for each of the five years analyzed. (See Annex 2) Ratios used are gross profit margin, net profit margin, return on sales, return on assets and return on equity. 6 Following guidelines of Accounting Management, long term debt paying ratios used in the study are debt coverage ratios, cash flow to current maturity of long term debt ratio and debt to equity, Ratio of fixed assets to shareholders funds and Proprietary of equity ratio (Accounting for Management) See Annex 4 Based on the Horizontal analysis of Lowe’s financial statement (see Annex 5) revenue in 2011 increased by $1,595million or by 0.03% as compared to sales & revenue in 2010. This change is accompanied by an increase in cost of sales which is equal to the 3% increase in 2011. In other years, from 2007 to 2009, sales are not enough to

Internship report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Internship report - Essay Example During this meeting, the member organizations assess the general thrust of their actions, set the priorities and decide of their joint strategy for the coming 3 years, notably by electing the International Board. The International Board is comprised of 22 elected members (a president, treasurer, 15 vice-presidents, and 5 secretaries general) representing all regions of the world. This International Board defines specific strategies to implement the thematic and regional priorities adopted by the Congress. It also meets 3 times a year to discuss the FIDH's political and strategic orientation and to approve the budget. The Executive Board is composed of the President, the Treasurer and 5 secretaries General. It is responsible for the management of the FIDH on a daily basis and convenes once a month to take decision on current concerns and request submitted by member organizations. The International Secretariat, based in Paris, employs 30 permanent staff members who carry out various du ties including working at the headquarters, acting as a permanent delegation before IGOs (intergovernmental organizations) and working in regional offices. It implements decisions taken by the International and Executive boards in conjunction with the member organizations. ... The International Secretariat, Observatory and Specialist Desks. The International Secretariat is divided into regions (Africa Desk, Americas Desk, Asia Desk, Eastern Europe & Central Asia Desk, North Africa & Middle East desk) and is responsible for setting priorities. Since 2009, the FIDH singled out certain areas of prime concern, for which it has determined action priorities. These include: protection for human rights defenders, accountability, respect for human rights in the context of globalization, defense of human rights, and respect for human rights in the context of counter-terrorism. The thematic division of the International Secretariat reflects the following action priorities: Globalization & Human Rights Desk, Women's & Migrants Rights Desk, International Justice Desk, Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defender (hereinafter "The Observatory"). The Observatory (a joint program with the World Organization Against Torture) seeks the implementation of the UN De claration on Human Rights Defenders and campaigns for the adoption of new mechanisms aimed at reinforcing their protection and security. It also provides emergency protection to human rights defenders on the ground under the form of material assistance, trial observation missions, media coverage, and urgent intervention. The International Justice Desk's mandate is to tackle the issue of impunity for those who carry out human rights abuses, and to make such individuals and groups accountable for their crimes against humanity. It does so by providing legal and judicial support to victims of international crimes by initiating or participating in litigation before national, regional and international courts. The fight against impunity is one of the raisons d’etre

Case study of Jack Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study of Jack - Term Paper Example For example, Freud would say that Jack Welch has specific abilities that he inherits from his biology. He stutters, which would be considered abnormal in today’s society. Thus, as a result this lays a genetic abnormality that is influencing the behavior of the individual. In addition, Freud would also comment on the number of divorces he had as the result of a problem in his psychosocial development, since Freud believed that humanity functioned on two principles alone: death and sex. Because Jack Welch has shown that he is unable to keep stable relationships, this poses an interesting problem as far as diagnosing where the abnormality lies in his psychosocial skills. Erikson, who was a student of Freud’s, would argue that the environment and relationships shape a person more so than the deterministic biological view. Erikson would say that Welch was able to overcome a majority of the psychosocial stages of development, such as inferiority vs. industry because he was ab le to find a way to be a very productive member in society. However, because he has had so many relationship problems, the comment could be made that there is neuroticism in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage where he is unable to make a concrete relationship last a while.

Corporate Social Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate Social Reporting - Essay Example Companies that embrace corporate social responsibility have received long-term positive benefits. These include better working conditions, which in turn increases productivity and innovation, increased trust and enhanced reputation with stakeholders and greater customer loyalty. Businesses also receive better publicity through media reports. Indeed, staff turnover in companies such as Starbucks and Bettys and Taylors is low. In the latter, its philanthropic ways extend all the way to the employees, who have seen improvements in working relations and strong ties are developed with suppliers that not only certify quality in their produce, but also ensure these produce are grown in a socially responsible manner (10). On the contrary, pressure groups are making their presence known. In 1995, Royal Dutch/Shell suffered negative publicity as well as heavy losses when European boycotted them in their bid to dispose an oil platform at sea (3). Evidently, the business practice of being social ly responsible is highly preferred. In a study on the power and size of firms, there are loopholes present in smaller organizations that, for instance, violate legal rights of workers in cleaning subcontractors. Although this issue is not uncommon with the larger firms, it is found that they exercise greater care as their business is reliant on the state (9). However, in another study, it is found that both small and large firms are likely to participate in corporate social responsibility moves based on their visibility, resource access and scale of operations (4). The two studies are rather conflicting evidence of how corporate social responsibility is adopted by firms of different sizes. Perhaps, a small business operating locally is not as likely to be subject to public scrutiny compared to a larger one operating globally. Larger organizations are embracing this practice far more, which gives them a competitive advantage as the stakeholders they affect are wider. Furthermore, they are able to attract younger talents who yearns more than fat remuneration packages (8). Small businesses, on the other hand, are driven to embrace this practice because differentiation is their key reliance. With this strategic foresight, they are able to find opportunities in a growing market (2). However, these all boils down to management decision on whether to embrace this philosophy or not. 2.3 The profitability strength of businesses that uses CSR As mentioned earlier, companies that adopt corporate social responsibility receive better recognition than those who do not. Customer loyalty and consumer trust are key points in sustaining a business as evident in the Body Shop. Smaller firms practising CSR are a great target for acquisition even though there have been no drastic change in their combined earnings or improvements in the way they carry out their business in terms of being socially responsible. Although consumers are looking for healthier options when buying products, it is found that only a handful will actually pay a premium for such